Nine-Power_Treaty_Conference Battle_of_Shanghai

however, conference dragged on little productivity. japan invited conference twice declined, mediation effort directly involving japan out of question. similar had transpired in league of nations conference, western powers, including united states, still dominated isolationism , appeasement. thus, nothing effective formulated. on november 5, japanese made amphibious landings @ jinshanwei surround chinese troops still fighting in shanghai warzone.

chiang still waiting conference produce favorable response , ordered troops continue fighting, though worn-out troops in danger of encirclement jinshanwei landings. not until 3 days later on november 8 chinese central command ordered troops retire entire shanghai front protect nanjing. three-day delay enough cause breakdown in chinese command units devastated continued fighting, , directly caused failure coordinate defense around chinese hindenburg lines guarding nanjing.

on november 24, nine-power treaty conference convened last time , adjourned indefinitely, without producing measures stop japanese aggression. in report, general chen cheng wrote throughout of shanghai campaign, sound military strategy supplanted political strategy. nation s tragedy political strategy, 1 precarious hope foreign intervention, forced troops make exorbitant sacrifices in shanghai , led total annihilation. wrote because china weak, in dire need of foreign , had sacrifice prove capacity fight , resist. end of battle, though hundreds of thousands of chinese troops died make point china ready sacrifice, final hope western intervention never materialized.