By_country Martial_law

1 country

1.1  australia
1.2  brunei
1.3  canada
1.4  china
1.5  egypt
1.6  iran
1.7  ireland
1.8  israel
1.9  mauritius
1.10  pakistan
1.11  philippines
1.12  poland
1.13  south korea
1.14   switzerland
1.15  syria
1.16  taiwan
1.17  thailand
1.18  turkey
1.19  sfr yugoslavia
1.20  united states

by country
 australia

the black war period of violent conflict between british colonists , aboriginal australians in tasmania mid-1820s 1832. escalation of violence in late 1820s, lieutenant-governor george arthur declared martial law in november 1828—effectively providing legal immunity killing aboriginal people. remain in force more 3 years, longest period of martial law in australian history.

 brunei

brunei has been under martial law since rebellion occurred on 8 december 1962 known brunei revolt , put down british troops singapore. sultan of brunei, sultan haji hassanal bolkiah mu izzaddin waddaulah, presently head of state , minister of defense , commander in chief of royal brunei armed forces

 canada

the war measures act government of canada statute allowed government assume sweeping emergency powers, stopping short of martial law, i.e. military not administer justice, remains in hands of courts. act has been invoked 3 times: during world war i, world war ii, , october crisis of 1970. in 1988, war measures act replaced emergencies act.

during colonial era, martial law proclaimed , applied in territory of province of quebec during invasion of canada army of american continental congress in 1775–1776. applied twice in territory of lower canada during 1837–1838 insurrections. on december 5, following events of november 1837, martial law proclaimed in district of montréal governor gosford, without support of legislative assembly in parliament of lower canada. imposed until april 27, 1838. martial law proclaimed second time on november 4, 1838, time acting governor john colborne, , applied in district of montreal until august 24, 1839.

 china

 egypt

martial law in egypt: egyptian-flagged tanks man apparent checkpoint outside midtown tahrir area during 2011 egyptian revolution.

in egypt, state of emergency has been in effect continuously since 1967. following assassination of president anwar el-sadat in 1981, state of emergency declared. egypt has been under state of emergency ever since; parliament has renewed emergency laws every 3 years since imposed. legislation extended in 2003 , due expire @ end of may 2006; plans in place replace new anti-terrorism laws. after dahab bombings in april of year, state of emergency renewed 2 years. in may 2008 there further extension june 2010. in may 2010, state of emergency further extended, albeit promise government applied terrorism , drugs suspects.

a state of emergency gives military courts power try civilians , allows government detain renewable 45-day periods , without court orders deemed threatening state security. public demonstrations banned under legislation. on 10 february 2011, ex-president of egypt, hosni mubarak, promised deletion of relevant constitutional article gives legitimacy state of emergency in attempt please mass number of protesters demanded him resign. on 11 february 2011, president stepped down , vice president omar suleiman de facto introduced country martial law when transferring civilian powers presidential institution military institution. meant presidential executive powers, parliamentary legislative powers , judicial powers transferred directly military system may delegate powers , forth civilian institution within territory.

the military issued in third announcement end of state of emergency order restored in egypt . before martial law, egyptian parliament under constitution had civilian power declare state of emergency. when in martial law, military gained powers of state, including dissolve parliament , suspend constitution did in fifth announcement. under martial law, legal framework within egyptian territory numbered announcements military. these announcements instance order civilian laws come force. military announcements (communiques) de facto current constitution , legal framework egyptian territory. means affairs of state bound geneva conventions.

 iran

article 79 of constitution of iran forbids proclamation of martial law.

the recent incidence of military take on rather subtle , implicit took place suppress iranian green movement (persian: جنبش سبز ایران‎‎), political movement arose after 2009 iranian presidential election, in protesters demanded removal of mahmoud ahmadinejad office. since mahmoud ahmadinejad de facto appointee of supreme leader ali khameneyi, rather legitimately elected official public, , fact supreme leader s own legitimacy @ significant risk, ordered revolutionary guards take state of affairs in military hands in order contain widespread opposition political factions, college campuses, labor unions, , general public. upon full blown military take on green movement contained in brutal , bloody fashion. action followed prolonged period of censorship of media, blockage of internet , other communication channels , tv satellites, , widespread arrests , prosecutions of opposition leaders , large number of political , civil activists in iran. in aftermath of movement s suppression regime s revolutionary guards, u.s. president obama has been blamed lack of action , support of 1 of significant liberation movements had potential end theocratic rule of iran opposed west.

another classic case of full-blown martial law in recent history took place in iran in 1978. on september 7, shah of iran, mohammad reza pahlavi, appointed chief of army staff, general gholam ali oveisi military governor of capital city, tehran. army divisions took position in key locations in city. (martial law declared in other cities.) on september 8, army opened fire on protesters, killing somewhere 300 4000 (estimates vary). day referred black friday. unable control unrest, shah dissolved civil government headed prime minister jafar sharif-emami on november 6, , appointed general gholam reza azhari prime minister. azhari s military government failed bring order country. last-ditch effort, preparing leave country, shah dissolved military government , appointed shapour bakhtiar, reformist critic of rule, new prime minister on january 4, 1979. bakhtiar s government fell on february 11, , it, history of on 2 thousand years of monarchy in iran came end.

 ireland

in 1916 during easter rising, lord wimborne lord lieutenant of ireland, declared martial law maintain order in streets of dublin. later extended both in duration , geographical reach whole of country consent of british government. of ireland declared under martial law british authorities during irish war of independence. large portion of ireland under de facto martial law during irish civil war.

the current irish constitution allows martial law if parliament declares state of emergency, capital punishment prohibited in circumstances, including state of emergency.

 israel

military administrative government in effect 1949 1966 on geographical areas of israel having large arab populations, negev, galilee, , triangle. residents of these areas subject number of controlling measures amounted martial law. israeli army enforced strict residency rules. arab not registered in census taken during november 1948 deported. permits military governor had procured travel more given distance person s registered place of residence, , curfew, administrative detentions, , expulsions common. although military administration officially geographical areas, , not people, restrictions seldom enforced on jewish residents of these areas. in 1950s, martial law ceased in effect arab citizens living in predominantly jewish cities, remained in place in arab localities within israel until 1966.

following 1967 war, in israeli army captured west bank , gaza strip, military administration on palestinian population put in place.

during 2006 lebanon war, martial law declared defense minister amir peretz on north of country. israel defense forces granted authority issue instructions civilians, , close down offices, schools, camps , factories in cities considered under threat of attack, impose curfews on cities in north.

instructions of home front command obligatory under martial law, rather merely recommended. order signed peretz in effect 48 hours , extended cabinet , knesset foreign affairs , defense committee on war s duration.

 mauritius

mauritius known being westminster style of democracy peculiar system imposed in mauritius during period of civil unrest in 1968 emergency measure, has never been repealed , still used police force there day. system, has no apparent foundation in constitution of mauritius, enables police arrest without having demonstrate reasonable suspicion crime has been carried out on submission of provisional information magistrate. accused placed on remand or bail , required report police or court on regular basis, every day. there examples of system being used intimidate or coerce individuals in civil litigations.

 pakistan

martial law declared in pakistan on 7 october 1958, president iskander mirza appointed general muhammad ayub khan chief martial law administrator , aziz ahmad secretary general , deputy chief martial law administrator. however, 3 weeks later general ayub—who had been openly questioning authority of government before imposition of martial law—deposed iskandar mirza on 27 october 1958 , assumed presidency practically formalized militarization of political system in pakistan. 4 years later new document, constitution of 1962, adopted. second martial law imposed on 25 march 1969, when president ayub khan abrogated constitution of 1962 , handed on power army commander-in-chief, general agha mohammad yahya khan. on assuming presidency, general yahya khan acceded popular demands abolishing one-unit system in west pakistan , ordered general elections on principle of 1 man 1 vote.

the third imposed zulfikar ali bhutto, first civilian hold post in pakistan after bangladesh liberation war. on 21 december 1971, bhutto took post of president.

the fourth imposed general muhammad zia-ul-haq on 5 july 1977. after several tumultuous years, witnessed secession of east pakistan, politician zulfikar ali bhutto took on in 1971 first civilian martial law administrator in recent history, imposing selective martial law in areas hostile rule, such country s largest province, balochistan. following widespread civil disorder, general zia overthrew bhutto , imposed martial law in totality on july 5, 1977, in bloodless coup d état. unstable areas brought under control through indirect military action, such balochistan under martial law governor, general rahimuddin khan. civilian government resumed in 1988 following general zia s death in aircraft crash.

on october 12, 1999, government of prime minister nawaz sharif dissolved, , army took control once more. no martial law imposed. general pervez musharraf took title of chief executive until president of pakistan rafiq tarar resigned , general musharraf became president. elections held in october 2002 , mir zafarullah khan jamali became prime minister of pakistan. jamali premiership followed chaudhry shujaat hussain , shaukat aziz. while government supposed run elected prime minister, there common understanding important decisions made president general musharraf.

on november 3, 2007, president general musharraf declared state of emergency in country claimed equivalent state of martial law constitution of pakistan of 1973 suspended, , chief justices of supreme court fired.

on november 12, 2007, musharraf issued amendments in military act, gave armed forces additional powers.

 philippines

during second world war, president josé p. laurel placed philippines (then client state of imperial japan) under martial law via proclamation № 29, dated 21 september 1944 , enforced following day @ 09:00 pst. proclamation № 30 issued on 23 september, declaring existence of state of war between philippines , united states , united kingdom, effective 10:00 day.

the country under martial law again 1972 1981 under authoritarian rule of ferdinand marcos. proclamation № 1081 ( proclaiming state of martial law in philippines ) signed on 21 september 1972 , came force on 22 september. official reason behind declaration suppress increasing civil strife , threat of communist takeover, particularly after series of bombings (including plaza miranda incident) , assassination attempt on defense minister juan ponce enrile in mandaluyong.

the policy of martial law well-received, proved unpopular military s human rights abuses (use of torture in intelligence gathering, forced disappearances), along decadence , excess of marcos allies, had emerged. coupled economic downturns, these factors fermented dissent in various sectors (e.g. urban middle class) crystallised assassination of jailed oppositionist senator benigno aquino, jr. in 1983, , widespread fraud in 1986 snap elections. these led 1986 people power revolution ousted marcos , forced him exile in hawaii died in 1989; rival presidential candidate , aquino s widow, corazon, installed successor.

during 9-year period, curfews implemented safety measure. majority of radio , television networks suspended. journalists accused of speaking against government taken political prisoners, of them physically abused , tortured authorities.

others have stated implementation of martial law taken advantage marcos regime. billion pesos worth of property , ill-gotten wealth said acquired marcos wife, imelda marcos. alleged money laundering issue brought recently, particularly in pilipinas debates 2016 recently-held philippine presidential elections on may 9, 2016. ferdinand bongbong marcos, jr., marcos son, ran vice president , lost.

there rumours president gloria macapagal-arroyo planning impose martial law end military coup d etat plots, general civilian dissatisfaction, , criticism of legitimacy arising dubious results of 2004 presidential elections. instead, state of national emergency imposed in 2006 24 february 3 march, in order quash coup attempt , quell protesters.

on 4 december 2009, president arroyo officially placed province of maguindanao under state of martial law through proclamation № 1959. last imposition, declaration suspended writ of habeas corpus in province. announcement came days after hundreds of government troops sent province raid armories of powerful ampatuan clan. ampatuans implicated in massacre of 58 persons, including women rival mangudadatu clan, human rights lawyers, , 31 media workers. cited 1 of bloodiest incidents of political violence in philippine history, massacre condemned worldwide worst loss of life of media professionals in 1 day.

on 23 may 2017, president rodrigo duterte of philippines declared martial law in mindanao, through proclamation no. 216, due attack of maute group in marawi city, lanao del sur. announced in briefing in moscow secretary ernesto abella, , in effect until december.

 poland

martial law introduced in communist poland on december 13, 1981 generals czesław kiszczak , wojciech jaruzelski prevent democratic opposition gaining popularity , political power in country. thousands of people linked democratic opposition, including lech wałęsa, arbitrarily arrested , detained. 100 deaths attributed martial law, including 9 miners shot police during pacification of striking wujek coal mine. martial law lifted july 22, 1983. polish society divided in opinion on necessity of introduction of martial law, viewed lesser evil compared alleged soviet military intervention

 south korea

in october 1946, united states army military government in korea declared martial law result of daegu riot. on november 17, 1948, president syngman rhee regime proclaimed martial law in order quell jeju uprising. on april 19, 1960 syngman rhee government proclaimed martial law in order suppress april revolution.

  switzerland

there no provisions martial law such in switzerland. under army law of 1995, army can called upon cantonal (state) authorities assistance (assistenzdienst). regularly happens in case of natural disasters or special protection requirements (e.g., world economic forum in davos). assistance requires parliamentary authorization, though, , takes place in regular legal framework , under civilian leadership of cantonal authorities. on other hand, federal authorities authorized use army enforce law , order when cantons no longer can or want (ordnungsdienst). came many significant points of reference. power largely fell disuse after world war ii. see [1].

 syria

still present martial law regime since 1963 syrian coup d état longest ranging period of active martial law.

 taiwan

following world war ii, allied forces asked republic of china temporarily administer taiwan given impending withdrawal of japanese forces , colonial government.　martial law declared in 1949 despite democracy promised in constitution of republic of china (the republic of china refused implement constitution on taiwan until after 1949). after nationalist-led republic of china government lost control of china communist party of china , retreated taiwan in 1949, perceived need suppress communist activities in taiwan utilised rationale not lifting martial law until thirty-eight years later in 1987, prior death of president chiang ching-kuo.

today, still present martial law systems in syria (since 1963 syrian coup d état) or in west bank (since 1967 six-day war israel) have surpassed taiwan longer ranging periods of active martial law.

 thailand

martial law in thailand derives statutory authority act promulgated king vajiravudh following abortive palace revolt of 1912, entitled martial law, b.e. 2457 (1914). many coups have been attempted or succeeded since then, act governing martial law, amended in 1942, 1944, 1959 , 1972, has remained same. in january 2004, prime minister of thailand, thaksin shinawatra, declared state of martial law in provinces of pattani, yala, , narathiwat in response growing south thailand insurgency. on september 19, 2006, thailand s army declared martial law following bloodless military coup in thai capital of bangkok, declared while prime minister shinawatra in new york city address united nations general assembly. general sonthi boonyaratglin took control of government, , after handed premiership ex-army chief general surayud. sonthi himself chief of administrative reform council. @ 3 am, on may 20, 2014, following 7 months of civil , political unrest, army commander-in-chief gen.prayuth chan-ocha, declared martial law nationwide.

 turkey

since foundation of republic of turkey in 1923 military conducted 3 coups d état , announced martial law. martial law between 1978 , 1983 replaced state of emergency in limited number of provinces lasted until november 2002. on july 15, 2016 section of military in turkey attempted coup(failed) , said have implied martial law in broadcast on national television trt.

 sfr yugoslavia

during yugoslav wars in 1991, state of direct war threat declared. although forces whole sfry included in conflict, martial law never announced, after secession, croatia , bosnia , herzegovina declared martial law. on march 23, 1999, state of direct war threat declared in yugoslavia, following possibility of nato air-strikes. day after strikes began, martial law declared, lasted until june 1999, although strikes ended on june 10, following kumanovo treaty.

 united states

in united states, martial law has been used in limited number of circumstances, such directly after foreign attack, such hawaii after japanese attack on pearl harbor or new orleans during battle of new orleans, after major disasters, such great chicago fire of 1871 or san francisco earthquake of 1906, renegade local leaders seeking avoid arrest, such nauvoo, illinois during illinois mormon war, or utah during utah war, or in response chaos associated protests , mob action, such 1934 west coast waterfront strike, or mob actions against freedom riders.

the martial law concept in united states closely tied right of habeas corpus, in essence right hearing on lawful imprisonment, or more broadly, supervision of law enforcement judiciary. ability suspend habeas corpus related imposition of martial law. article 1, section 9 of constitution states, privilege of writ of habeas corpus shall not suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion public safety may require it. there have been many instances of use of military within borders of united states, such during whiskey rebellion , in south during civil rights movement, these acts not tantamount declaration of martial law. distinction must made clear between martial law , military justice: deployment of troops not mean civil courts cannot function, , 1 of keys, supreme court noted, martial law.

in united states law, martial law limited several court decisions handed down between american civil war , world war ii. in 1878, congress passed posse comitatus act, forbids military involvement in domestic law enforcement without congressional approval.