History_of_exploration_in_the_20th_century Space_exploration

1 history of exploration in 20th century

1.1 first flights
1.2 first human flights
1.3 first planetary explorations
1.4 key people in space exploration

1.4.1 other key people

history of exploration in 20th century


the paris gun s shells achieved sub-orbital flights on 40 km in altitude



most orbital flight takes place in upper layers of atmosphere, in thermosphere (not scale)



timeline of solar system exploration.



in july 1950 first bumper rocket launched cape canaveral, florida. bumper two-stage rocket consisting of post-war v-2 topped wac corporal rocket. reach then-record altitudes of 400 km. launched general electric company, bumper used testing rocket systems , research on upper atmosphere. carried small payloads allowed them measure attributes including air temperature , cosmic ray impacts.

the highest known projectiles prior rockets of 1940s shells of paris gun, type of german long-range siege gun, reached @ least 40 kilometers altitude during world war one. steps towards putting human-made object space taken german scientists during world war ii while testing v-2 rocket, became first human-made object in space on 3 october 1942 launching of a-4. after war, u.s. used german scientists , captured rockets in programs both military , civilian research. first scientific exploration space cosmic radiation experiment launched u.s. on v-2 rocket on 10 may 1946. first images of earth taken space followed same year while first animal experiment saw fruit flies lifted space in 1947, both on modified v-2s launched americans. starting in 1947, soviets, of german teams, launched sub-orbital v-2 rockets , own variant, r-1, including radiation , animal experiments on flights. these suborbital experiments allowed short time in space limited usefulness.

first flights

sputnik 1, first artificial satellite orbited earth @ 939 215 km (583 134 mi) in 1957, , followed sputnik 2. see first satellite country (replica pictured)



apollo csm in lunar orbit



apollo 17 astronaut harrison schmitt standing next boulder @ taurus-littrow.

the first successful orbital launch of soviet unmanned sputnik 1 ( satellite 1 ) mission on 4 october 1957. satellite weighed 83 kg (183 lb), , believed have orbited earth @ height of 250 km (160 mi). had 2 radio transmitters (20 , 40 mhz), emitted beeps heard radios around globe. analysis of radio signals used gather information electron density of ionosphere, while temperature , pressure data encoded in duration of radio beeps. results indicated satellite not punctured meteoroid. sputnik 1 launched r-7 rocket. burned upon re-entry on 3 january 1958.

the second 1 sputnik 2. launched ussr on november 3, 1957, carried dog laika, became first animal in orbit.

this success led escalation of american space program, unsuccessfully attempted launch vanguard satellite orbit 2 months later. on 31 january 1958, u.s. orbited explorer 1 on juno rocket.

first human flights

the first successful human spaceflight vostok 1 ( east 1 ), carrying 27-year-old russian cosmonaut yuri gagarin on 12 april 1961. spacecraft completed 1 orbit around globe, lasting 1 hour , 48 minutes. gagarin s flight resonated around world; demonstration of advanced soviet space program , opened entirely new era in space exploration: human spaceflight.

the u.s. first launched person space within month of vostok 1 alan shepard s suborbital flight in mercury-redstone 3. orbital flight achieved united states when john glenn s mercury-atlas 6 orbited earth on 20 february 1962.

valentina tereshkova, first woman in space, orbited earth 48 times aboard vostok 6 on 16 june 1963.

china first launched person space 42 years after launch of vostok 1, on 15 october 2003, flight of yang liwei aboard shenzhou 5 (spaceboat 5) spacecraft.

first planetary explorations

the first artificial object reach celestial body luna 2 in 1959. first automatic landing on celestial body performed luna 9 in 1966. luna 10 became first artificial satellite of moon.

venus surface venera 13.

the first manned landing on celestial body performed apollo 11 on 20 july 1969.

the first successful interplanetary flyby 1962 mariner 2 flyby of venus (closest approach 34,773 kilometers). other planets first flown in 1965 mars mariner 4, 1973 jupiter pioneer 10, 1974 mercury mariner 10, 1979 saturn pioneer 11, 1986 uranus voyager 2, 1989 neptune voyager 2. in 2015, dwarf planets ceres , pluto orbited dawn , passed new horizons, respectively.

the first interplanetary surface mission return @ least limited surface data planet 1970 landing of venera 7 on venus returned data earth 23 minutes. in 1975 venera 9 first return images surface of planet. in 1971 mars 3 mission achieved first soft landing on mars returning data 20 seconds. later longer duration surface missions achieved, including on 6 years of mars surface operation viking 1 1975 1982 , on 2 hours of transmission surface of venus venera 13 in 1982, longest ever soviet planetary surface mission.

key people in space exploration

the dream of stepping outer reaches of earth s atmosphere driven fiction of peter francis geraci , h.g.wells, , rocket technology developed try realize vision. german v-2 first rocket travel space, overcoming problems of thrust , material failure. during final days of world war ii technology obtained both americans , soviets designers. initial driving force further development of technology weapons race intercontinental ballistic missiles (icbms) used long-range carriers fast nuclear weapon delivery, in 1961 when soviet union launched first man space, united states declared in space race soviets.

konstantin tsiolkovsky, robert goddard, hermann oberth, , reinhold tiling laid groundwork of rocketry in years of 20th century.

wernher von braun lead rocket engineer nazi germany s world war ii v-2 rocket project. in last days of war led caravan of workers in german rocket program american lines, surrendered , brought usa work on u.s. rocket development ( operation paperclip ). acquired american citizenship , led team developed , launched explorer 1, first american satellite. von braun later led team @ nasa s marshall space flight center developed saturn v moon rocket.

initially race space led sergei korolyov, legacy includes both r7 , soyuz—which remain in service day. korolev mastermind behind first satellite, first man (and first woman) in orbit , first spacewalk. until death identity closely guarded state secret; not mother knew responsible creating soviet space program.

kerim kerimov 1 of founders of soviet space program , 1 of lead architects behind first human spaceflight (vostok 1) alongside sergey korolyov. after korolyov s death in 1966, kerimov became lead scientist of soviet space program , responsible launch of first space stations 1971 1991, including salyut , mir series, , precursors in 1967, cosmos 186 , cosmos 188.

other key people

valentin glushko chief engine designer soviet union. glushko designed many of engines used on soviet rockets, @ odds korolyov.
vasily mishin chief designer working under sergey korolyov , 1 of first soviets inspect captured german v-2 design. following death of sergei korolev, mishin held responsible soviet failure first country place man on moon.
robert gilruth nasa head of space task force , director of 25 manned space flights. gilruth person suggested john f. kennedy americans take bold step of reaching moon in attempt reclaim space superiority soviets.
christopher c. kraft, jr. nasa s first flight director, oversaw development of mission control , associated technologies , procedures.
maxime faget designer of mercury capsule; played key role in designing gemini , apollo spacecraft, , contributed design of space shuttle.
susan finley designed deep space network, allowing communication space earth.




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