Measurement List_of_Dutch_inventions_and_discoveries

1 measurement

1.1 pendulum clock (first high-precision clock) (1656)
1.2 concept of standardization of temperature scale (1665)
1.3 spiral-hairspring watch (first high-precision watch) (1675)
1.4 mercury thermometer (first practical, accurate thermometer) (1714)
1.5 fahrenheit scale (first standardized temperature scale) (1724)
1.6 snellen chart (1862)
1.7 string galvanometer (1902)
1.8 schilt photometer (1922)

measurement
pendulum clock (first high-precision clock) (1656)










christiaan huygens – ingenious watchmaker of time (arnold sommerfeld)

the first mechanical clocks, employing verge escapement mechanism foliot or balance wheel timekeeper, invented in europe @ around start of 14th century, , became standard timekeeping device until pendulum clock invented in 1656. pendulum clock remained accurate timekeeper until 1930s, when quartz oscillators invented, followed atomic clocks after world war 2.

a pendulum clock uses pendulum s arc mark intervals of time. invention until 1930, accurate clocks pendulum clocks. pendulum clocks cannot operate on vehicles or ships @ sea, because accelerations disrupt pendulum s motion, causing inaccuracies. pendulum clock invented christian huygens, based on pendulum introduced galileo galilei. although galileo studied pendulum 1582, never constructed clock based on design. christiaan huygens invented pendulum clock in 1656 , patented following year. contracted construction of clock designs clockmaker salomon coster, built clock.

concept of standardization of temperature scale (1665)

various authors have credited invention of thermometer cornelis drebbel, robert fludd, galileo galilei or santorio santorio. thermometer not single invention, however, development. however, each inventor , each thermometer unique – there no standard scale. in 1665 christiaan huygens suggested using melting , boiling points of water standards. fahrenheit scale defined 2 fixed points: temperature @ water freezes ice defined 32 degrees fahrenheit (°f), , boiling point of water defined 212 °f, 180 degree separation, defined @ sea level , standard atmospheric pressure. in 1742, swedish astronomer anders celsius created temperature scale reverse of scale known name celsius : 0 represented boiling point of water, while 100 represented freezing point of water. 1744 until 1954, 0 °c defined freezing point of water , 100 °c defined boiling point of water, both @ pressure of 1 standard atmosphere mercury being working material.

spiral-hairspring watch (first high-precision watch) (1675)

drawing of 1 of first balance springs, attached balance wheel, christiaan huygens, published in letter in journal des sçavants of 25 february 1675. application of spiral balance spring watches ushered in new era of accuracy portable timekeepers, similar pendulum had introduced clocks.



a mechanical watch movement. invention in 1675 christiaan huygens, spiral hairspring (balance spring) system portable timekeepers, still used in mechanical watchmaking industry today.

the invention of mainspring in 15th century allowed portable clocks built, evolving first pocketwatches 17th century, these not accurate until balance spring added balance wheel in mid 17th century. dispute remains whether british scientist robert hooke (his straight spring) or dutch scientist christiaan huygens actual inventor of balance spring. huygens first implement spiral balance spring in portable timekeeper. significant because point pendulum reliable. innovation increased watches accuracy enormously, reducing error perhaps several hours per day perhaps 10 minutes per day, resulting in addition of minute hand face around 1680 in britain , 1700 in france.

like invention of pendulum clock, huygens spiral hairspring (balance spring) system of portable timekeepers, helped lay foundations modern watchmaking industry. application of spiral balance spring watches ushered in new era of accuracy portable timekeepers, similar pendulum had introduced clocks. invention in 1675 christiaan huygens, spiral hairspring (balance spring) system portable timekeepers, still used in mechanical watchmaking industry today.

mercury thermometer (first practical, accurate thermometer) (1714)

a medical mercury-in-glass maximum thermometer. fahrenheit s mercury-in-glass thermometer far more reliable , accurate had existed before, , mercury thermometers in use today made in way fahrenheit devised.

various authors have credited invention of thermometer cornelis drebbel, robert fludd, galileo galilei or santorio santorio. thermometer not single invention, however, development. though galileo said inventor of thermometer, produced thermoscopes. difference between thermoscope , thermometer latter has scale. first person put scale on thermoscope variously said francesco sagredo or santorio santorio in 1611 1613.

before there thermometer, there earlier , closely related thermoscope, best described thermometer without temperature scale. thermoscope showed differences in temperatures, example, show getting hotter. however, thermoscope did not measure data thermometer could, example exact temperature in degrees. can considered first modern thermometer, mercury thermometer standardized scale, invented german-dutch scientist daniel gabriel fahrenheit (who had settled in amsterdam in 1701) in 1714. fahrenheit invented first accurate thermometer using mercury instead of alcohol , water mixtures. began constructing own thermometers in 1714, , in these used mercury first time.

fahrenheit scale (first standardized temperature scale) (1724)

thermometer fahrenheit (symbol °f) , celsius (symbol °c) units.

various authors have credited invention of thermometer cornelis drebbel, robert fludd, galileo galilei or santorio santorio. thermometer not single invention, however, development. however, each inventor , each thermometer unique – there no standard scale. in 1665 christiaan huygens suggested using melting , boiling points of water standards, , in 1694 carlo renaldini proposed using them fixed points on universal scale. in 1701 isaac newton proposed scale of 12 degrees between melting point of ice , body temperature. in 1724 daniel gabriel fahrenheit produced temperature scale (slightly adjusted) bears name. because manufactured thermometers, using mercury (which has high coefficient of expansion) first time , quality of production provide finer scale , greater reproducibility, leading general adoption. fahrenheit scale first used temperature scale. end of 20th century, countries used celsius scale rather fahrenheit scale, though canada retained supplementary scale used alongside celsius. fahrenheit remains official scale jamaica, cayman islands, belize, bahamas, palau , united states , associated territories.

snellen chart (1862)

the snellen chart eye chart used eye care professionals , others measure visual acuity. snellen charts named after dutch ophthalmologist hermann snellen developed chart in 1862. vision scientists use variation of chart, designed ian bailey , jan lovie.

string galvanometer (1902)

previous string galvanometer, scientists used machine called capillary electrometer measure heart s electrical activity, device unable produce results @ diagnostic level. dutch physiologist willem einthoven developed string galvanometer in 20th century, publishing first registration of use record electrocardiogram in festschrift book in 1902. first human electrocardiogram recorded in 1887, in 1901 quantifiable result obtained string galvanometer.

schilt photometer (1922)

in 1922, dutch astronomer jan schilt invented schilt photometer, device measures light output of stars and, indirectly, distances.