Indo-European_languages Instrumental_case

1 indo-european languages

1.1 sanskrit
1.2 ancient greek
1.3 german
1.4 czech
1.5 armenian
1.6 serbian

indo-european languages
sanskrit

the instrumental case in classical sanskrit can have several meanings:

it can indicate instrument (of action):


रामो लेखन्या लिखति।
rāmo lekhanyā likhati.
rāma writes pen .


it can used indicate or accompanying action. in case, sense of company indicated postpositions सह saha ( ) (may optionally omitted):


दासेन सह देवदत्तोऽगच्छत्।
dāsena saha devadatto gacchat.
devadatta went accompanied servant .


it can indicate agent of passive verb:


देवदत्तेन यवं खाद्यते।
devadattena yavaṁ khādyate.
barley eaten devadatta .


it can indicate cause, reason or circumstance of action. in case, can translated because of , out of , etc.:


दुःखेन ग्रामम् अत्यजत्।
duḥkhena grāmam atyajat.
abandoned village out of misery .


it used preposition विना vinā ( without ):


जलेन विना पद्मं नश्यति।
jalena vinā padmaṁ naśyati.
lotus dies without water .


it can used particles अलम् alam कृतम् kṛtam, both meaning enough .


कृतं कोलाहलेन।
kṛtaṁ kolāhalena.
enough noise .

ancient greek

the functions of proto-indo-european instrumental case taken on dative, dative has functions belonging proto-indo-european dative, instrumental, , locative. case bare dative, , dative preposition σύν sýn . possible, however, mycenean greek had instrumental case, later replaced dative in greek dialects.

german

while old high german possessed rudimentary instrumental case, function replaced dative in middle high german, comparable english , ancient greek, construction of mit (with) + dative clause (in english, objective case used). example:

hans schrieb mit einem stifte*.

(john [nominative] wrote [dative] pencil [dative].)

*the german dative -e not used in common conversation; implented here better demonstration.

ein = a, nominative case masculine/neuter → einem = a, dative case masculine/neuter
(der) stift = (the) pencil, masculine, nominative
(dem) stifte = (the) pencil, masculine, dative

czech

just above, object action done or completed declined. example:

píšu perem.

psát = write; píšu = write
pero = pen → perem = pen


jedu školy autobusem.

jet = go via transport (× jít = go on foot); jedu = go (using kind of vehicle)
škola = school, školy = school (genitive)
autobus = bus → autobusem = bus



armenian

the instrumental in armenian denoted -ով (-ov) suffix action done by, or through agent.

մատիտ (matit, pencil) → մատիտով (matitov, with/by pencil)

մատիտով գրիր (matitov grir) write pencil.

while instrumental case form commonly used purpose, when coupled passive voice in armenian instrumental case can replaced ablative case.

serbian

in language, instrumental used actions done objects , isn t necessery, action done people limited case. in form prefix commonly used, isn t necessery.

pesnica (fist)→s pesnicom (with fist)

udariti s pesnicom (hit fist) , udariti pesnicom (hit fist)


actions done objects can exclude case.

in form case required.

mina (female name)→sa minom (with mina)
ilija(male name)

ilija izlazi sa minom (ilija going out mina)

and opossite

mina izlazi sa ilijom (mina going out ilija)

all female names in case lose last letter (all serbian female names end ) , suffix om .
male names ending lose , suffix om .
male names ending ir , en , , un suffix om .
male names ending o suffix m .
case changes shape prefix s prefix sa




^ deshpande, madhav; samskrita-subodhini , 2007. michigan papers on south , southwest asia, no. 47. centers south , southwest asian studies, university of michigan. isbn 0-89148-079-x.
^ herbert weir smyth. greek grammar. par. 1279: composite or mixed cases.
^ andrew garett, convergence in formation of indo-european subgroups: phylogeny , chronology , in phylogenetic methods , prehistory of languages, ed. peter forster , colin renfrew (cambridge: mcdonald institute archaeological research), 2006, p. 140, citing ivo hajnal, studien zum mykenischen kasussystem. berlin, 1995, proviso mycenaean case system still controversial in part .