Visual_arts List_of_Dutch_inventions_and_discoveries

1 visual arts

1.1 foundations of modern oil painting (15th century)
1.2 glaze (painting technique) (15th century)
1.3 proto-realism (15th–17th centuries)
1.4 proto-surrealism (1470s–1510s)
1.5 modern still-life painting (16th–17th century)
1.6 naturalistic landscape painting (16th–17th century)
1.7 genre painting (15th century)
1.8 marine painting (17th century)
1.9 vanitas (17th century)
1.10 civil group portraiture (17th century)
1.11 tronie (17th century)
1.12 rembrandt lighting (17th century)

visual arts
foundations of modern oil painting (15th century)

signature of jan van eyck. jan van eyck credited first master of oil painting.

although oil paint first used buddhist paintings indian , chinese painters sometime between fifth , tenth centuries, did not gain notoriety until 15th century. practice may have migrated westward during middle ages. oil paint became principal medium used creating artworks advantages became known. transition began netherlandish painting in northern europe, , height of renaissance oil painting techniques had replaced tempera paints in majority of europe. netherlandish painting (jan van eyck in particular) in 15th century first make oil default painting medium, , explore use of layers , glazes, followed rest of northern europe, , italy.

glaze (painting technique) (15th century)

glazing technique employed painters since invention of modern oil painting. netherlandish painters in 15th century first make oil usual painting medium, , explore use of layers , glazes, followed rest of northern europe, , italy.

proto-realism (15th–17th centuries)

two aspects of realism rooted in @ least 2 centuries of dutch tradition: conspicuous textural imitation , penchant ordinary , exaggeratedly comic scenes. 2 hundred years before rise of literary realism, dutch painters had made art of everyday – pictures served compelling model later novelists. mid-1800s, 17th-century dutch painting figured virtually everywhere in british , french fiction esteem today vanguard of realism.

proto-surrealism (1470s–1510s)

hieronymus bosch considered 1 of prime examples of pre-surrealism. surrealists relied on insights. in 20th century, bosch s paintings (e.g. garden of earthly delights, haywain, temptation of st. anthony , 7 deadly sins , 4 last things) cited surrealists precursors own visions.

modern still-life painting (16th–17th century)

still-life painting independent genre or specialty first flourished in netherlands in last quarter of 16th century, , english term derives stilleven: still life, calque, while romance languages (as greek, polish, russian , turkish) tend use terms meaning dead nature.

naturalistic landscape painting (16th–17th century)

the windmill @ wijk jacob van ruisdael (1670). commonplace of art history genre of naturalistic landscape painting first emerged in holland in seventeenth century. word landscape entered modern english language landskip (variously spelt), anglicization of dutch landschap, around start of 17th century. 17th-century dutch landscape art had considerable influences on british landscape art, american hudson river school, , french barbizon school in subsequent centuries.

the term landscape derives dutch word landschap, meant region, tract of land acquired artistic connotation, picture depicting scenery on land in 16th century. after fall of roman empire, tradition of depicting pure landscapes declined , landscape seen setting religious , figural scenes. tradition continued until 16th century when artists began view landscape subject in own right. dutch golden age painting of 17th century saw dramatic growth of landscape painting, in many artists specialized, , development of extremely subtle realist techniques depicting light , weather.

genre painting (15th century)

the flemish renaissance painter pieter brueghel elder chose peasants , activities subject of many paintings. genre painting flourished in northern europe in wake. adriaen van ostade, david teniers, aelbert cuyp, jan steen, johannes vermeer , pieter de hooch among many painters specializing in genre subjects in netherlands during 17th century. small scale of these artists paintings appropriate display in homes of middle class purchasers.

marine painting (17th century)

the genre of marine painting distinct category separate landscape attributed hendrick cornelisz vroom in seventeenth century.

marine painting began in keeping medieval christian art tradition. such works portrayed sea bird s eye view, , everything, waves, organized , symmetrical. viewpoint, symmetry , overall order of these paintings underlined organization of heavenly cosmos earth viewed. later dutch artists such hendrick cornelisz vroom, cornelius claesz, abraham storck, jan porcellis, simon de vlieger, willem van de velde elder, willem van de velde younger , ludolf bakhuizen developed new methods painting, horizontal point of view, lower horizon , more focus on realism symmetry.

vanitas (17th century)

the term vanitas associated still life paintings popular in seventeenth-century dutch art, produced artists such pieter claesz. common vanitas symbols included skulls (a reminder of certainty of death); rotten fruit (decay); bubbles, (brevity of life , suddenness of death); smoke, watches, , hourglasses, (the brevity of life); , musical instruments (the brevity , ephemeral nature of life). fruit, flowers , butterflies can interpreted in same way, while peeled lemon, typical accompanying seafood was, life, visually attractive bitter flavor.

civil group portraiture (17th century)

group portraits produced in great numbers during baroque period, particularly in netherlands. unlike in rest of europe, dutch artists received no commissions calvinist church had forbidden such images or aristocracy virtually non-existent. instead, commissions came civic , businesses associations. dutch painter frans hals used fluid brush strokes of vivid color enliven group portraits, including of civil guard belonged. rembrandt benefitted such commissions , general appreciation of art bourgeois clients, supported portraiture still-life , landscape painting. notably, world s first significant art , dealer markets flourished in holland @ time.

tronie (17th century)

girl pearl earring (1665), vermeer s masterpiece considered “tronie”.

in 17th century, dutch painters (especially frans hals, rembrandt, jan lievens , johannes vermeer) began create uncommissioned paintings called tronies focused on features and/or expressions of people not intended identifiable. conceived more art s sake satisfy conventions. tronie distinctive type of painting, combining elements of portrait, history, , genre painting. half-length of single figure concentrated on capturing unusual mood or expression. actual identity of model not supposed important, might represent historical figure , in exotic or historic costume. in contrast portraits, tronies painted open market. differ figurative paintings , religious figures in not restricted moral or narrative context. is, rather, more exploration of spectrum of human physiognomy , expression , reflection of conceptions of character intrinsic psychology’s pre-history.

rembrandt lighting (17th century)

the typical rembrandt lighting setup. rembrandt s treatment of light , dark in portraiture created style of lighting known today rembrandt lighting. rembrandt lighting technique used many modern photographers , cinematographers.

rembrandt lighting lighting technique used in studio portrait photography. can achieved using 1 light , reflector, or 2 lights, , popular because capable of producing images appear both natural , compelling minimum of equipment. rembrandt lighting characterized illuminated triangle under eye of subject, on less illuminated side of face. named dutch painter

rembrandt, used type of lighting in portrait paintings.