Slavic_states South_Slavs




1 slavic states

1.1 carantania
1.2 bosnia
1.3 bulgaria
1.4 croatia
1.5 zachlumia
1.6 duklja (zeta)
1.7 serbia





slavic states
carantania

borders of slav territories under king samo s rule in 631


slavs had begun penetrate eastern alps before departure of lombards italy in 568 ad. 600, christian dioceses had heretofore still persisted in noricum throughout migration period had been extinguished, slovene historians take indication of slavic settlement in region. pagan slavs contended lombards control on drava valley , friuli until defeated lombards @ lauriana in 720, secured friuli lombard kingdom , christendom. slavs, too, able consolidate territory managed seize: in 623, unified slav tribes rebelled against avars weakened defeat @ constantinople, under rule of first historically known slavic polity - samo s tribal union. within generation of samo s death, inhabitants of carantania had established elective duchy in modern-day southern austria centered around roman ruin of virunum, lost independence in 745 due renewed avar threat, pledging fealty both bavaria , bishopric of salzburg. after, in 788, carantania within bavaria incorporated semifeudal frankish empire. carantanians participated in ljudevit s rebellion of 819, around time carantania began increasingly integrated bavaria proper , local slavic dukes disappeared history. however, of privileges , traditions of carantanians survived late middle ages.


bosnia

the charter of ban kulin oldest document of kind among south slavic languages , in saint petersburg museum.


modern knowledge of political situation in western balkans during middle ages unclear. upon arrival, slavs brought them tribal social structure fell apart , gave way feudalism frankish penetration region in late 9th century. around time slavs christianized. bosnia , herzegovina, because of geographic position , terrain, 1 of last areas go through process, presumably originated urban centers along dalmatian coast.


the high middle ages political circumstance led area of bosnia being contested between kingdom of hungary , byzantine empire. following shift of power between 2 in 12th century, bosnia found outside control of both , emerged independent state under rule of local bans.


kulin, though nominal vassal of hungary, first bosnian ruler de facto sovereign. kulin s rule marked start of controversy bosnian church. in response hungarian attempts use church politics regarding issue way reclaim sovereignty on bosnia, kulin held council of local church leaders renounce heresy , embraced catholicism in 1203. despite this, hungarian ambitions remained unchanged long after kulin s death in 1204, waning after unsuccessful invasion in 1254.



map showing expansion of bosnian kingdom


bosnian history until 14th century marked power struggle between Šubić , kotromanić families. conflict came end in 1322, when stephen ii kotromanić became ban. time of death in 1353, successful in annexing territories north , west, zahumlje , parts of dalmatia. succeeded nephew tvrtko who, following prolonged struggle nobility , inter-family strife, gained full control of country in 1367. on 26 october 1377 tvrtko of bosnia crowned himself king of serbia, bosnia, pomorje, , western lands . based on archaeological evidence, crowned in mile near visoko in church built in time of stephen ii kotromanić s reign, buried alongside uncle stjepan ii. following death in 1391 however, bosnia fell long period of decline. ottoman empire had started conquest of europe , posed major threat balkans throughout first half of 15th century. finally, after decades of political , social instability, kingdom of bosnia ceased exist in 1463.


bulgaria

following collapse of old great bulgaria, asparukh s bulgars arrived in scythia minor in 680 , allied local slavic population form bulgaria. slavs accepted rulers bulgar khans retained significant autonomy. both peoples had protect country byzantines south , avar khanate north-west. byzantines aware of new threat defeated in battle of ongal , in 681 officially recognized bulgaria sovereign country, known nowadays first bulgarian empire. mid 9th century bulgaria expanded of slavic-populated areas of balkan peninsula in thrace, moesia, macedonia , dacia. khan omurtag (814–831) made administrative reform aimed centralization of country , deprived slavs of autonomy. result, slavic tribes north-west rebelled subjugated.



balkans, latter half of 9th century


following christianization of bulgaria , creation of glagolitic , cyrillic alphabets , formation of literary bulgarian language, bulgars , slavs merged bulgarian people. in 927 byzantines had recognize imperial title of bulgarian rulers (in bulgarian цар – tsar) , bulgarian patriarchate. bulgaria became cultural center of slavic orthodox world in 9th , 10th centuries. following destruction of first bulgarian empire byzantine emperor basil ii in 1018, bulgaria came under byzantine rule in 1018. second bulgarian empire secured independence byzantium in 1185, lasting until 1396 when conquered ottomans.


croatia

the duchy of croatia or littoral croatia defined struggles between western frankish empire , eastern byzantine empire. duchy managed break free frankish vassal ship somewhere in 850s , in 879 duchy under branimir received papal recognition state. duchy , pannonia croatia united under tomislav create kingdom.


zachlumia

duklja (zeta)

serbia



archaeological evidence suggests serbs part of 5-6th-centuries wave of slavs. according byzantine sources, white serbs settled lands of present-day serbia, montenegro , bosnia , herzegovina during rule of emperor heraclius (610-641). serbs became foederati byzantines , held frontiers vassalage (initially sclaviniae, later Župas), subsequently receiving greater autonomy višeslav (fl. 768-814) , full independence vlastimir (836-850). serbia byzantine ally throughout of middle ages , secured independence great diplomacy byzantium. in 14th century, serbian state under stefan dušan rose prominence in southern balkans, becoming serbian empire. declined following battle of kosovo in 1389 against ottomans.








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