Genetics South_Slavs

1 genetics

1.1 protein , blood group polymorphisms
1.2 analysis of segments identical descent
1.3 y-dna
1.4 mtdna
1.5 autosomal dna

genetics

various methods have been employed population affinities , consequently produced different results. molecular anthropology can reveal patterns of prehistoric demographic expansions in addition analysing genetic relatedness between extant population groups.

protein , blood group polymorphisms

the earliest studies looked @ classical markers , i.e. protein , blood group polymorphisms. such work, e.g. of luca cavali-sforza , team, showed europeans might cluster several groups: (1) germanic (germans, austrians, western slavic) (2) scandinavian (swedes, norwegians) (3) celtic (irish, scottish) (4) south-western european (spanish, french, italian) (5) eastern european (russian, central/east ukrainian). analyses found yugoslavs did not group of above clusters, formed group of own; result attributed internal heterogeneity. bulgarians not tested in study.

analysis of segments identical descent

taken together, analysis of ibd segments reveals similar patterns of ibd sharing muslim , non-muslim western balkan populations populations of middle east, providing thereby little support gene flow scenario during conversion islam (15–19 cc ad) in balkans.

y-dna

according 2006 bosch study, aggregated results of y-dna (e.g. way of principal component analysis (pca)) have tended show southern slavs (i.e. serbians, macedonians, montenegrins, bosnians, bulgarians, etc.) cluster tightly (characterised high frequencies of i2a). northern , western croats , slovenians not within tight south slavic cluster (due comparatively higher r1a , r1b levels) , genetically closer , clustered neighboring central european (particularly western slavic (polish, czech , slovak) , hungarian populations). non-slavic romanians cluster south slavic group in 2006 bosch study.

a more recent genetic study 2014 plos one, using more precise tools, determined western balkan populations closest slavic-speaking neighbours both according maternal (czechs , belarusians, figure s13a) , paternal (slovaks, figure s13b) has noted pooled sample biased towards northern populations of western balkan (bosnia , herzegovina, croatia) , represents variation of part of study region.

mtdna

in comparison, mtdna haplogroups show far more uniform frequency distributions throughout europe. example, study bosch et al. [1] showed mtdna samples southern slavs romanians, , albanians, clustered together, , separately of turkish groups. nevertheless, higher resolution studies have detected south slavs can differentiated albanian , greek neighbors.

autosomal dna

network of 29 populations constructed neighbor-net approach fst distances based on variation of autosomal snps.

whilst useful in postulating population migrations , expansions, mtdna , y-dna not demonstrate totality of genetic make-up , rather small portion of it, namely, single line of patrilineage (y-dna) , matrilineage (mtdna).[2] moreoever, given propensity drift, population expansions in more recent prehistory can overwrite previous patterns. however, majority of genetic history lies in thousands of classical markers (blood group systems, protein polymorphisms), non-coding single nucleotide polymorphism , str sequences in autosomal dna (atdna), representative of 1 s entire ancestry [3]. several loci, such β-globin gene, have been dated 800, 000 years ago. contrast, coalescence time of mtdna , y-dna haplogroups reaches maximum of 200, 000 years

most of larger sequences in atdna undergo recombination, direct information ancestral inheritance difficult ascertain. however, inferences on overall genetic substructure , relatedness between populations best achieved analysing hundreds of thousands of loci within atdna. 1 recent study 2 research teams has shown that:

there no clear clusters or groups within european population
except genetic outliers such saami, finns, basques , sardinians, europeans genetically homogeneous
individual population groups closely related immediate neighbours (irrespective of language or ethnicity)
there southern northern genetic cline, , populations in southern europe older , more genetically diverse in northern europe.

in autosomal analysis [plos 1 2014 study], croatians , bosnians more close central european populations , largely overlap west slavs (poles. czechs, , slovaks) , hungarians central europe, while macedonians cluster closer bulgarians, romanians , gagauzes. serbians , montenegrins have intermediate position on pca plot , on fst –based network among other western balkan populations (figures 3 5 , s2, s3)