Social_history History_of_Bulgaria_(1878–1946)

1 social history

1.1 agrarianism
1.2 education
1.3 turks
1.4 urbanization

social history
agrarianism

bulgaria emerged turkish rule poor, underdeveloped agricultural country, little industry or natural resources. of land owned small farmers, peasants comprising 80% of population of 3.8 million in 1900. few turkish nobles left , large land holdings uncommon, there many poor peasants living on margins. agrarianism dominant political philosophy in countryside, peasantry organized movement independent of existing party. in 1899, bulgarian agrarian union formed, bringing rural intellectuals such teachers ambitious peasants. promoted modern farming practices, elementary education.

education

the government promoted modernization, special emphasis on building network of elementary , secondary schools. 1910, there 4,800 elementary schools, 330 lyceums, 27 high schools, , 113 vocational schools. 1878 1933 france funded numerous libraries, research institutes, , catholic schools throughout bulgaria. main aims disseminate french culture , french language , gain prestige , business france. indeed, french became primary foreign language in bulgaria , wealthy typically sent children elite roman catholic french language schools taught frenchmen. prosperous greek community of southern bulgaria set own network of greek language primary , secondary schools promoted hellenism in order counter threat of assimilation bulgarian society. in 1888, university established. renamed university of sofia in 1904, 3 faculties of history , philology, physics , mathematics, , law produced civil servants national , local government offices. became center of german , russian intellectual, philosophical , theological influences.

turks

while turkish officials, landowners, businessmen , professionals left after 1878, turkish peasant villages persisted, comprising perhaps as 10% of bulgaria s population. largely self-governing, continued traditional religion , language, , tolerated bulgarian government until 1970s. protected minority group under international law various treaties , agreements, including treaty of berlin (1878). on century, protection enabled bulgaria s turks develop separate religious , cultural organizations, schools, local turkish press, , literature. after 1970 communist government impose program of cultural assimilation, whereby turkish no longer tolerated language, turkish instruction in schools stopped, , not allowed speak turkish in public.

urbanization

the first decade of century saw sustained prosperity, steady urban growth. capital of sofia grew factor of 600% 20,000 population in 1878 120,000 in 1912, peasants arrived villages become labourers tradesmen , office seekers. refugees turkish macedonia arrived, while there relatively little emigration. ethnic diversity characterized bulgaria, orthodox bulgarian base, , numerous enclaves of turks, greeks , others. bulgarian revolutionaries macedonian area (then under ottoman rule) used bulgaria base, beginning in 1894, agitate formal independence ottoman empire in order later easier reunite macedonia , bulgaria. launched poorly planned uprising in 1903 brutally suppressed, , led tens of thousands of additional refugees pouring bulgaria.