History Ottoman_Algeria

1 history

1.1 establishment
1.2 occupation of algiers
1.3 base in war against spain
1.4 mediterranean privateer
1.5 dano-algerian war
1.6 barbary wars
1.7 french invasion

history
establishment

hayreddin barbarossa founder of regency of algiers.

from 1496, spanish conquered numerous possessions on north african coast, had been captured since 1496: melilla (1496), mers-el-kebir (1505), oran (1509), bougie (1510), tripoli (1510), algiers, shershell, dellys, , tenes.

around same time, ottoman privateer brothers oruç , hayreddin—both known europeans barbarossa, or red beard —were operating off tunisia under hafsids. in 1516, oruç moved base of operations algiers , asked protection of ottoman empire in 1517, killed in 1518 during invasion of kingdom of tlemcen. hayreddin succeeded him military commander of algiers.

occupation of algiers

oruç, hayreddin barbarossa s brother, captured algiers in 1516, apart spanish peñón of algiers. following death of oruç in 1518 @ hand of spanish in fall of tlemcen, barbarossa requested assistance of ottoman empire, in exchange acknowledging ottoman authority in dominions. before ottoman arrive, spanish retook city of algiers in 1519. barbarossa recaptured city definitively in 1525, , in 1529 spanish peñon in capture of algiers.

base in war against spain

hayreddin barbarossa established military basis of regency. ottomans provided supporting garrison of 2,000 turkish troops artillery. left hasan agha in command deputy when had leave constantinople in 1533.

the son of barbarossa, hasan pashan in 1544, when father retired, first governor of regency directly appointed ottoman empire. took title of beylerbey. algiers became base in war against spain, , in ottoman conflicts morocco.

beylerbeys continued nominated unlimited tenures until 1587. after spain had sent embassy constantinople in 1578 negotiate truce, leading formal peace in august 1580, regency of algiers formal ottoman territory, rather military base in war against spain. @ time, ottoman empire set regular ottoman administration in algiers , dependencies, headed pashas, 3 year terms considate ottoman power in maghreb.

mediterranean privateer

purchase of christian slaves french friars (religieux de la mercy de france) in algiers in 1662.

despite end of formal hostilities spain in 1580, attacks on christian , catholic shipping, slavery captured, became prevalent in algiers, , main industry , source of revenues of regency.

in 17th century, algiers became, along other north african ports such tunis, 1 of bases anglo-turkish piracy. there many 8,000 renegades in city in 1634. (renegades former christians, fleeing law, voluntarily moved muslim territory , converted islam.) hayreddin barbarossa credited tearing down peñón of algiers , using stone build inner harbor.

a contemporary letter states:

infinity of goods, merchandise jewels , treasure taken our english pirates daily christians , carried allarach [ larache, in morocco], algire , tunis great enriching of mores , turks , impoverishing of christians

privateer , slavery of christians originating algiers major problem throughout centuries, leading regular punitive expeditions european powers. spain (1567, 1775, 1783), denmark (1770), france (1661, 1665, 1682, 1683, 1688), england (1622, 1655, 1672), led naval bombardments against algiers. abraham duquesne fought barbary pirates in 1681 , bombarded algiers between 1682 , 1683, christian captives.

dano-algerian war

in mid-1700s dano-norwegian trade in mediterranean expanded. in order protect lucrative business against piracy, denmark-norway had secured peace deal states of barbary coast. involved paying annual tribute individual rulers , additionally states.

in 1766, algiers had new ruler, dey baba mohammed ben-osman. demanded annual payment made denmark-norway should increased, , should receive new gifts. denmark-norway refused demands. shortly after, algerian pirates hijacked 3 dano-norwegian ships , allowed crew sold slaves.

they threatened bomb algerian capital if algerians did not agree new peace deal on danish terms. algiers not intimidated fleet, fleet of 2 frigates, 2 bomb galiot , 4 ship of line.

barbary wars

bombardment of algiers in 1816, martinus schouman.

during 19th century, regency of algiers again resorted widespread piracy against shipping europe , young united states of america, due internal fiscal difficulties. in turn led first barbary war , second barbary wars, culminated in august 1816 when lord exmouth executed naval bombardment of algiers. barbary wars resulted on major victory american navy.

french invasion

during napoleonic wars, regency of algiers had benefited trade in mediterranean, , of massive imports of food france, largely bought on credit france. in 1827, hussein dey, algeria s ottoman ruler, demanded french pay 31-year-old debt, contracted in 1799 purchasing supplies feed soldiers of napoleonic campaign in egypt.

the french consul pierre deval refused give answers satisfactory dey, , in outburst of anger, hussein dey touched consul fan. charles x used excuse break diplomatic relations. regency of algiers end french invasion of algiers in 1830, followed subsequent french rule next 132 years.