Classification Substance_abuse

1 classification

1.1 public health definitions
1.2 medical definitions
1.3 value judgment
1.4 drug misuse

classification
public health definitions

drug users injecting heroin, opiate.

public health practitioners have attempted @ substance use broader perspective individual, emphasizing role of society, culture, , availability. health professionals choose avoid terms alcohol or drug abuse in favor of language consider more objective, such substance , alcohol type problems or harmful/problematic use of drugs. health officers council of british columbia — in 2005 policy discussion paper, public health approach drug control in canada] — has adopted public health model of psychoactive substance use challenges simplistic black-and-white construction of binary (or complementary) antonyms use vs. abuse . model explicitly recognizes spectrum of use, ranging beneficial use chronic dependence.

medical definitions

a 2010 study ranking various illegal , legal drugs based on statements drug-harm experts. alcohol found overall dangerous drug.

drug abuse no longer current medical diagnosis in either of used diagnostic tools in world, american psychiatric association s diagnostic , statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm), , world health organization s international statistical classification of diseases (icd).

substance abuse has been adopted dsm blanket term include 10 separate classes of drugs, including alcohol; caffeine; cannabis; hallucinogens; inhalants; opioids; sedatives, hypnotics, , anxiolytics; stimulants; tobacco; , other substances. icd uses term harmful use cover physical or psychological harm user use.

physical dependence, abuse of, , withdrawal drugs , other miscellaneous substances outlined in dsm a:

when individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related use of substance, substance dependence may diagnosed. compulsive , repetitive use may result in tolerance effect of drug , withdrawal symptoms when use reduced or stopped.

however, other definitions differ; may entail psychological or physical dependence, , may focus on treatment , prevention in terms of social consequences of substance uses.

value judgment

this diagram depicts correlations among usage of 18 legal , illegal drugs: alcohol, amphetamines, amyl nitrite, benzodiazepine, cannabis, chocolate, cocaine, caffeine, crack, ecstasy, heroin, ketamine, legal highs, lsd, methadone, magic mushrooms (mmushrooms), nicotine , volatile substance abuse (vsa). usage defined having used drug @ least once during years 2005–2015. colored links between drugs indicate correlations |r|>0.4, |r| absolute value of pearson correlation coefficient.

philip jenkins suggests there 2 issues term drug abuse . first, constitutes drug debatable. instance, ghb, naturally occurring substance in central nervous system considered drug, , illegal in many countries, while nicotine not officially considered drug in countries.

second, word abuse implies recognized standard of use substance. drinking occasional glass of wine considered acceptable in western countries, while drinking several bottles seen abuse. strict temperance advocates, may or may not religiously motivated, see drinking 1 glass abuse. groups condemn caffeine use in quantity. similarly, adopting view (recreational) use of cannabis or substituted amphetamines constitutes drug abuse implies decision made substance harmful, in minute quantities. in u.s., drugs have been legally classified 5 categories, schedule i, ii, iii, iv, or v in controlled substances act. drugs classified on deemed potential abuse. usage of drugs correlated. example, consumption of 7 illicit drugs (amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, legal highs, lsd, , magic mushrooms) correlated , pearson correlation coefficient r>0.4 in every pair of them; consumption of cannabis correlated (r>0.5) usage of nicotine (tobacco), heroin correlated cocaine (r>0.4), methadone (r>0.45), , correlated crack (r>0.5)

drug misuse

drug misuse term used commonly when prescription medication sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, or stimulant properties used mood alteration or intoxication ignoring fact overdose of such medicines can have serious adverse effects. involves drug diversion individual whom prescribed.

prescription misuse has been defined differently , rather inconsistently based on status of drug prescription, uses without prescription, intentional use achieve intoxicating effects, route of administration, co-ingestion alcohol, , presence or absence of dependence symptoms. chronic use of substances leads change in central nervous system known tolerance medicine such more of substance needed in order produce desired effects. substances, stopping or reducing use can cause withdrawal symptoms occur, highly dependent on specific substance in question.

the rate of prescription drug use fast overtaking illegal drug use in united states. according national institute of drug abuse, 7 million people taking prescription drugs nonmedical use in 2010. among 12th graders, nonmedical prescription drug use second cannabis. 1 in 12 high school seniors reported nonmedical use of vicodin; 1 in 20 reported such use of oxycontin. both of these drugs contain opioids.

avenues of obtaining prescription drugs misuse varied: sharing between family , friends, illegally buying medications @ school or work, , doctor shopping find multiple physicians prescribe same medication, without knowledge of other prescribers.

increasingly, law enforcement holding physicians responsible prescribing controlled substances without establishing patient controls, such patient drug contract. concerned physicians educating on how identify medication-seeking behavior in patients, , becoming familiar red flags alert them potential prescription drug abuse.