Explorations List_of_Dutch_inventions_and_discoveries

1 explorations

1.1 voyages of discovery

1.1.1 orange islands (1594)
1.1.2 svalbard (1596)
1.1.3 winter surviving in high arctic (1596–1597)
1.1.4 falkland islands/sebald islands (1600)
1.1.5 pennefather river, northern australia (1606)
1.1.6 first charting of manhattan, new york (1609)
1.1.7 hudson valley (1609)
1.1.8 brouwer route (1610–1611)
1.1.9 jan mayen island (1614)
1.1.10 hell gate, long island sound, connecticut river , fisher s island (1614)
1.1.11 staten island (argentina), cape horn, tonga, hoorn islands (1615)
1.1.12 dirk hartog island (1616)
1.1.13 houtman abrolhos (1619)
1.1.14 carstensz glacier, carstensz pyramid/puncak jaya (1623)
1.1.15 gulf of carpentaria (northern australia) (1623)
1.1.16 staaten river (cape york peninsula, northern australia) (1623)
1.1.17 arnhem land , groote eylandt (gulf of carpentaria, northern australia) (1623)
1.1.18 hermite islands (1624)
1.1.19 southern australia coast (1627)
1.1.20 western australia (1629)
1.1.21 tasmania , surrounding islands (1642)
1.1.22 new zealand , fiji (1642)
1.1.23 tongatapu , haʻapai (tonga) (1643)
1.1.24 sakhalin (cape patience) (1643)
1.1.25 kuril islands (1643)
1.1.26 rottnest island , swan river (1696)
1.1.27 easter island , samoa (1722)
1.1.28 orange river (1779)


1.2 scientific explorations

1.2.1 first systematic mapping of southern celestial hemisphere (1595–1597)
1.2.2 first major scientific expedition brazil (1637–1644)
1.2.3 first ethnographic descriptions of new netherland , north american indians (1641–1653)


1.3 others

1.3.1 first non-asian first-hand account of korea (1653–1666)

explorations
voyages of discovery
orange islands (1594)

map of willem barentsz first voyage

during first journey in 1594, dutch explorer willem barentsz discovered orange islands, @ northern extremity of nova zembla.

svalbard (1596)

map of willem barentsz third voyage



crew of willem barentsz fighting polar bear

on 10 june 1596, barentsz , dutchman jacob van heemskerk discovered bear island, week before discovery of spitsbergen island.

portion of 1599 map of arctic exploration willem barentsz. spitsbergen, here mapped first time, indicated het nieuwe land (dutch new land ), center-left.



willem barentsz made first indisputable discovery of svalbard in 1596, in attempt find northern sea route. 3 voyages of willem barents remembered today chiefly first documented wintering in high arctic.



objects found in het behouden huys (the saved house) on novaya zemlya.

the first undisputedly have discovered archipelago expedition led dutch mariner willem barentsz, looking northern sea route china. first spotted bjørnøya on 10 june 1596 , northwestern tip of spitsbergen on 17 june. sighting of archipelago included in accounts , maps made expedition , spitsbergen included cartographers. name spitsbergen, meaning pointed mountains (from dutch spits – pointed, bergen – mountains), @ first applied both main island , svalbard archipelago whole.

winter surviving in high arctic (1596–1597)

willem barentsz ship among arctic ice



het behouden huys on novaya zemlya

the search northern sea route in 16th century led exploration. dutch explorer willem barentsz reached west coast of novaya zemlya in 1594, , in subsequent expedition of 1596 rounded northern point , wintered on northeast coast. willem barents, jacob van heemskerck , crew blocked pack ice in kara sea , forced winter on east coast of novaya zemlya. wintering of shipwrecked crew in saved house first successful wintering of europeans in high arctic. twelve of 17 men managed survive polar winter (de veer, 1917). barentsz died during expedition, , may have been buried on northern island.

falkland islands/sebald islands (1600)

in 1600 dutch navigator sebald de weert made first undisputed sighting of falkland islands. on homeward leg netherlands after having left straits of magellan sebald de weert noticed unnamed , uncharted islands, @ least islands did not exist on nautical charts. there attempted stop , replenish unable land due harsh conditions. islands sebald de weert charted small group off northwest coast of falkland islands , in fact part of falklands. de weert named these islands “sebald de weert islands” , falklands whole known sebald islands until 18th century.

pennefather river, northern australia (1606)

duyfken replica under sail. first documented , undisputed european sighting of , landing on australia in late february or march 1606, dutch navigator willem janszoon aboard duyfken. australia more 3 times size of greenland, world s largest island. australia dubbed island continent , , accorded role of earth’s largest island smallest continent .



hollandia nova, 1659 map prepared joan blaeu based on voyages abel tasman , willem jansz, image shows french edition of 1663.



australia (nova hollandia) last inhabitable continent explored , mapped (by non-natives). dutch first undisputedly explore , map australia s coastline. in 17th century, dutch navigators charted three-quarters of australian coastline, except east coast.

the dutch ship, duyfken, led willem janszoon, made first documented european landing in australia in 1606. although theory of portuguese discovery in 1520s exists, lacks definitive evidence. precedence of discovery has been claimed china, france, spain, india, , phoenicia.

the janszoon voyage of 1605–06 led first undisputed sighting of australia european made on 26 february 1606. dutch vessel duyfken, captained janszoon, followed coast of new guinea, missed torres strait, , explored perhaps 350 kilometres (220 mi) of western side of cape york, in gulf of carpentaria, believing land still part of new guinea. dutch made 1 landing, promptly attacked maoris , subsequently abandoned further exploration.

the first recorded european sighting of australian mainland, , first recorded european landfall on australian continent, attributed dutch navigator willem janszoon. sighted coast of cape york peninsula in 1606, , made landfall on 26 february @ pennefather river near modern town of weipa on cape york. dutch charted whole of western , northern coastlines , named island continent new holland during 17th century, made no attempt @ settlement.

first charting of manhattan, new york (1609)

the area manhattan long inhabited lenape indians. in 1524, florentine explorer giovanni da verrazzano – sailing in service of king francis of france – first european visit area become new york city. not until voyage of henry hudson, englishman worked dutch east india company, area mapped.

hudson valley (1609)

at time of arrival of first europeans in 17th century, hudson valley inhabited algonquian-speaking mahican , munsee native american people, known collectively river indians. first dutch settlement in 1610s @ fort nassau, trading post (factorij) south of modern-day albany, traded european goods beaver pelts. fort nassau later replaced fort orange. during rest of 17th century, hudson valley formed heart of new netherland colony operations, new amsterdam settlement on manhattan serving post supplies , defense of upriver operations.

brouwer route (1610–1611)

the brouwer route route sailing cape of hope java. route took ships south cape roaring forties, east across indian ocean, before turning northwest java. took advantage of strong westerly winds roaring forties named, increasing travel speed. devised dutch sea explorer hendrik brouwer in 1611, , found halve duration of journey europe java, compared previous arab , portuguese monsoon route, involved following coast of east africa northwards, sailing through mozambique channel , across indian ocean, via india. brouwer route played major role in discovery of west coast of australia.

jan mayen island (1614)

after unconfirmed reports of dutch discovery 1611, island named after dutchman jan jacobszoon may van schellinkhout, visited island in july 1614. locations of these islands kept secret whalers, jan mayen got current name in 1620.

hell gate, long island sound, connecticut river , fisher s island (1614)

block s map of 1614 voyage, first appearance of term new netherland

the name hell gate corruption of dutch phrase hellegat, mean either hell s hole or bright gate/passage . applied entirety of east river. strait described in journals of dutch explorer adriaen block, first european known have navigated strait, during 1614 voyage aboard onrust.

the first european record existence of long island sound , connecticut river dutch explorer adriaen block, entered east river in 1614.

fishers island called munnawtawkit native american pequot nation. block named visher s island in 1614, after 1 of companions. next 25 years, remained wilderness, visited dutch traders.

staten island (argentina), cape horn, tonga, hoorn islands (1615)

on 25 december 1615, dutch explorers jacob le maire , willem schouten aboard eendracht, discovered staten island, close cape horn.

the voyage of willem schouten , jacob le maire in 1615–1616

on 29 january 1616, sighted land called cape horn, after city of hoorn. aboard eendracht crew of wrecked ship called hoorn.

arrival of abel tasman in tongatapu, 1643, drawing isaack gilsemans

they discovered tonga on 21 april 1616 , hoorn islands on 28 april 1616.

they discovered new ireland around may–july 1616.

they discovered schouten islands (also known biak islands or geelvink islands) on 24 july 1616.

the schouten islands (also known eastern schouten islands or le maire islands) of papua new guinea, named after schouten, visited them in 1616.

dirk hartog island (1616)

dirk hartog s plate in rijksmuseum amsterdam



map of shark bay area showing dirk hartog island , cape inscription

hendrik brouwer s discovery sailing east cape of hope until land sighted, , sailing north along west coast of australia quicker route around coast of indian ocean made dutch landfalls on west coast inevitable. first such landfall in 1616, when dirk hartog landed @ cape inscription on known dirk hartog island, off coast of western australia, , left behind inscription on pewter plate. in 1697 dutch captain willem de vlamingh landed on island , discovered hartog s plate. replaced 1 of own, included copy of hartog s inscription, , took original plate home amsterdam, still kept in rijksmuseum amsterdam.

houtman abrolhos (1619)

the first sighting of houtman abrolhos europeans dutch voc ships dordrecht , amsterdam in 1619, 3 years after hartog made first authenticated sighting of western australia, 13 years after first authenticated voyage australia, of duyfke in 1606. discovery of islands credited frederick de houtman, captain-general of dordrecht, houtman later wrote of discovery in letter company directors.

carstensz glacier, carstensz pyramid/puncak jaya (1623)

the first person spot carstensz pyramid (or puncak jaya) reported dutch navigator , explorer jan carstensz in 1623, whom mountain named. carstensz first (non-native) sight glaciers on peak of mountain on rare clear day. sighting went unverified on 2 centuries, , carstensz ridiculed in europe when said had seen snow , glaciers near equator. snowfield of puncak jaya reached 1909 dutch explorer, hendrik albert lorentz 6 of indigenous dayak kenyah porters recruited apo kayan in borneo. highest carstensz pyramid summit not climbed until 1962, expedition led austrian mountaineer heinrich harrer 3 other expedition members – new zealand mountaineer philip temple, australian rock climber russell kippax, , dutch patrol officer albertus (bert) huizenga.

gulf of carpentaria (northern australia) (1623)

the first known european explorer visit region dutch willem janszoon (also known willem jansz) on 1605–06 voyage. fellow countryman, jan carstenszoon (also known jan carstensz), visited in 1623 , named gulf in honour of pieter de carpentier, @ time governor-general of dutch east indies. abel tasman explored coast in 1644.

staaten river (cape york peninsula, northern australia) (1623)

the staaten river river in cape york peninsula, australia rises more 200 kilometres (120 mi) west of cairns , empties gulf of carpentaria. river first named carstenszoon in 1623.

arnhem land , groote eylandt (gulf of carpentaria, northern australia) (1623)

in 1623 dutch east india company captain willem van colster sailed gulf of carpentaria. cape arnhem named after ship, arnhem, named after city of arnhem.

groote eylandt first sighted arnhem. in 1644, when abel tasman arrived, island given european name, dutch large island in archaic spelling. modern dutch spelling groot eiland.

hermite islands (1624)

in february 1624, dutch admiral jacques l hermite discovered hermite islands @ cape horn.

southern australia coast (1627)

in 1627, dutch explorers françois thijssen , pieter nuyts discovered south coast of australia , charted 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) of between cape leeuwin , nuyts archipelago. françois thijssen, captain of ship t gulden zeepaert (the golden seahorse), sailed east far ceduna in south australia. first known ship have visited area leeuwin ( lioness ), dutch vessel charted of nearby coastline in 1622. log of leeuwin has been lost, little known of voyage. however, land discovered leeuwin recorded on 1627 map hessel gerritsz: caert van t landt van d eendracht ( chart of land of eendracht ), appears show coast between present-day hamelin bay , point d’entrecasteaux. part of thijssen s map shows islands st francis , st peter, known collectively respective groups nuyts archipelago. thijssen s observations included 1628 voc cartographer hessel gerritsz in chart of indies , new holland. voyage defined of southern coast of australia , discouraged notion new holland , known, linked antarctica.

st francis island (originally in dutch: eyland st. françois) island on south coast of south australia near ceduna. part of nuyts archipelago wilderness protection area. 1 of first parts of south australia discovered , named europeans, along st peter island. thijssen named after patron saint, st. francis.

st peter island island on south coast of south australia near ceduna south of denial bay. second largest island in south australia @ 13 km long. named in 1627 thijssen after pieter nuyts patron saint.

western australia (1629)

wiebbe hayes stone fort on west wallabi island

the weibbe hayes stone fort, remnants of improvised defensive walls , stone shelters built wiebbe hayes , men on west wallabi island, australia s oldest known european structures, more 150 years before expeditions australian continent james cook , arthur phillip.

tasmania , surrounding islands (1642)

tasman s routes of first , second voyage

in 1642, abel tasman sailed mauritius , on 24 november, sighted tasmania. named tasmania van diemen s land, after anthony van diemen, dutch east india company s governor general, had commissioned voyage. officially renamed tasmania in honour of first european discoverer on 1 january 1856.

map of maatsuyker islands

maatsuyker islands, group of small islands southernmost point of australian continent. discovered , named tasman in 1642 after dutch official. main islands of group de witt island (354 m), maatsuyker island (296 m), flat witch island, flat top island, round top island, walker island, needle rocks , mewstone.

maria island discovered , named in 1642 tasman after maria van diemen (née van aelst), wife of anthony. island known maria s isle in 19th century.

tasman s journal entry 29 november 1642 records observed rock similar rock named pedra branca off china, presumably referring pedra branca in south china sea.

schouten island 28 square kilometres (11 sq mi) island in eastern tasmania, australia. lies 1.6 kilometres south of freycinet peninsula , part of freycinet national park. in 1642, while surveying south-west coast of tasmania, tasman named island after joost schouten, member of council of dutch east india company.

tasman reached storm bay, large bay in south-east of tasmania, australia. entrance derwent river estuary , port of hobart, capital city of tasmania. bordered bruny island west , tasman peninsula east.

new zealand , fiji (1642)

murderers bay, drawing isaack gilsemans, 1642



detail 1657 map jan janssonius, showing western coastline of nova zeelandia.



tasman voyage of 1642–43 known (documented) first sail across tasman sea , explore islands.

in 1642, first europeans known reach new zealand crew of dutch explorer abel tasman arrived in ships heemskerck , zeehaen. tasman anchored @ northern end of south island in golden bay (he named murderers bay) in december 1642 , sailed northward tonga following clash local māori. tasman sketched sections of 2 main islands west coasts. tasman called them staten landt, after states general of netherlands, , name appeared on first maps of country. in 1645 dutch cartographers changed name nova zeelandia in latin, nieuw zeeland, after dutch province of zeeland. subsequently anglicised new zealand british naval captain james cook

various claims have been made new zealand reached other non-polynesian voyagers before tasman, these not accepted. peter trickett, example, argues in beyond capricorn portuguese explorer cristóvão de mendonça reached new zealand in 1520s, , tamil bell discovered missionary william colenso has given rise number of theories, historians believe bell not in proof of tamil contact new zealand .

in 1643, still during same expedition, tasman discovered fiji.

tongatapu , haʻapai (tonga) (1643)

tasman discovered tongatapu , haʻapai in 1643 commanding 2 ships, heemskerck , zeehaen commissioned dutch east india company. expedition s goals chart unknown southern , eastern seas , find possible passage through south pacific , indian ocean providing faster route chile.

sakhalin (cape patience) (1643)

the first european known visit sakhalin martin gerritz de vries, mapped cape patience , cape aniva on island s east coast in 1643.

kuril islands (1643)

in summer of 1643, castricum, under command of martin gerritz de vries sailed southern kuril islands, visiting kunashir, iturup , urup, named company island , claimed netherlands.

vries strait or miyabe line strait between 2 main islands of kurils. located between northeastern end of island of iturup , southwestern headland of urup island, connecting sea of okhotsk on west pacific ocean on east. strait named after de vries, first recorded european explore area.

the gulf of patience large body of water off southeastern coast of sakhalin, russia, between main body of sakhalin island in west , cape patience in east. part of sea of okhotsk. first europeans visit bay sailed on castricum. named gulf in memory of fog had clear them continue expedition.

rottnest island , swan river (1696)

a quokka family on rottnest island, western australia

the first europeans known land on rottnest island 13 dutch sailors including abraham leeman waeckende boey landed near bathurst point on 19 march 1658 while ship nearby. ship had sailed batavia in search of survivors of missing vergulde draeck later found wrecked 80 kilometres (50 mi) north near present-day ledge point. island given name rotte nest (meaning rat nest in 17th century dutch language) dutch captain willem de vlamingh spent 6 days exploring island 29 december 1696, mistaking quokkas giant rats. de vlamingh led fleet of 3 ships, de geelvink, de nijptang , weseltje , anchored on northern side of island, near basin.

willem de vlamingh s ships, black swans, @ entrance swan river, western australia, coloured engraving (1796), derived earlier drawing (now lost) de vlamingh expeditions of 1696–97.



an adult black swan , cygnet. 1500 years, black swan existed in european imagination metaphor not exist. dutch explorer willem de vlamingh made first european record of sighting black swan in 1697. sighting significant in europe, swans white had long been used standard example of well-known truth.

on 10 january 1697, de vlamingh ventured swan river. , crew believed have been first europeans so. named swan river (zwaanenrivier in dutch) after large numbers of black swans observed there.

easter island , samoa (1722)

easter island world-famous 887 extant monumental statues, called moai

on easter sunday, 5 april 1722, dutch explorer jacob roggeveen discovered easter island. easter island 1 of remote inhabited islands in world. nearest inhabited land (50 residents) pitcairn island 2,075 kilometres (1,289 mi) away, nearest town population on 500 rikitea on island mangareva 2,606 km (1,619 mi) away, , nearest continental point lies in central chile, 3,512 kilometres (2,182 mi) away.

the name easter island given island s first recorded european visitor, dutch explorer jacob roggeveen, encountered on easter sunday (5 april) 1722, while searching davis or david s island. roggeveen named paasch-eyland (18th century dutch easter island ). island s official spanish name, isla de pascua, means easter island .

on 13 june roggeveen discovered islands of samoa.

orange river (1779)

the orange river named colonel robert gordon, commander of dutch east india company garrison @ cape town, on trip interior in 1779.

scientific explorations
first systematic mapping of southern celestial hemisphere (1595–1597)

in 1595, petrus plancius, key promoter east indies expeditions, asked pieter dirkszoon keyser, chief pilot on hollandia, make observations fill in blank area around south celestial pole on european maps of southern sky. plancius had instructed keyser map skies in southern hemisphere, largely uncharted @ time. keyser died in java following year catalogue of 135 stars, measured of explorer-colleague frederick de houtman, delivered plancius, , stars arranged 12 new southern constellations, letting them inscribed on 35-cm celestial globe prepared in late 1597 (or 1598). globe produced in collaboration amsterdam cartographer jodocus hondius.

plancius s constellations (mostly referring animals , subjects described in natural history books , travellers journals of day) apis bee (later changed musca lacaille), apus bird of paradise, chamaeleon, dorado goldfish (or swordfish), grus crane, hydrus small water snake, indus indian, pavo peacock, phoenix, triangulum australe southern triangle, tucana toucan, , volans flying fish. acceptance of these new constellations assured when johann bayer, german astronomer, included them in uranometria of 1603, leading star atlas of day. these 12 southern constellations still recognized today international astronomical union (iau).

first major scientific expedition brazil (1637–1644)

within thirty-year period dutch west india company controlled northeast region of brazil (1624–1654), seven-year governorship of count johan maurits van nassau-siegen marked intense ethnographic exploration. end, johan maurits brought europe him team of artists , scientists lived in recife between 1637 , 1644: painter albert eckhout (specializing in human figure), painter frans post (landscape painter), natural historian georg marcgraf (who produced drawings , prints), , physician willem piso. georg marcgraf, , published joannes de laet, piso wrote historia naturalis brasiliae (1648), important western insight brazilian flora , fauna, first scientific book brazil. albert eckhout, along landscape artist frans post, 1 of 2 formally trained painters charged recording complexity of local scene. 7 years eckhout spent in brazil constitute invaluable contribution understanding of european colonization of new world. during stay created hundreds of oil sketches – life – of local flora, fauna , people. these paintings eckhout , landscapes post among europeans first, introductions south america.

first ethnographic descriptions of new netherland , north american indians (1641–1653)

in 1641, kiliaen van rensselaer, director of dutch west india company, hired adriaen van der donck (1620–1655) lawyer large, semi-independent estate, rensselaerswijck, in new netherland. until 1645, van der donck lived in upper hudson river valley, near fort orange (later albany), learned company s fur trade, mohawk , mahican indians traded dutch, agriculturist settlers, , area s plants , animals. in 1649, after serious disagreement new governor, peter stuyvesant, returned dutch republic petition dutch government. in 1653, still in netherlands waiting government decide case, adriaen van der donck wrote comprehensive description of new netherland s geography , native peoples based on material in earlier remonstrance. book, beschryvinge van nieuw-nederlant or description of new netherland later published in 1655. new book well-crafted interests of audience, consisting of extensive description of american indians , customs, reports on abundance of area s agriculture , wealth of natural resources.

others
first non-asian first-hand account of korea (1653–1666)

jan weltevree (1595-?) regarded first naturalized westerner korea. weltevree dutch sailor arrived on shores of island off joseon’s west coast in 1627 in shipwreck. joseon dynasty @ time maintained isolation policy, captured foreigner not leave country. weltevree took name bak yeon (also pak yeon). became important government official , aided king hyojong keen knowledge of modern weaponry. adventures recorded in report dutch east india company accountant hendrik hamel.

dutch seafarer , voc s bookkeeper hendrick hamel first westerner experience first-hand , write korea in joseon era (1392–1897). in 1653, hamel , men shipwrecked on jeju island, , remained captives in korea more decade. joseon dynasty referred hermit kingdom harsh isolationism , closed borders. shipwrecked dutchmen given freedom of movement, forbidden leave country. after thirteen years (1653–1666), hamel , 7 of crewmates managed escape voc trading mission @ dejima (an artificial island in bay of nagasaki, japan), , there netherlands. in 1666, 3 different publishers published report (journal van de ongeluckige voyage van t jacht de sperwer or account of shipwreck of dutch vessel on coast of isle of quelpaert description of kingdom of corea), describing improbable adventure , giving first detailed , accurate description of korea western world.