Background Dzungar–Qing_Wars

after collapse of yuan dynasty in 1368, china s mongol rulers withdrew mongolia , became known northern yuan dynasty. on time, mongol state disintegrated series of khanates, ruled various descendants of genghis khan. qing dynasty defeated inner chahar mongol leader ligdan khan , annexed inner mongolia. while eastern mongols (outer , inner mongols) ruled chingisids, oirats ruled choros clan. dzungar oirats under erdeni batur , zaya pandita held pan-oirat-mongol conference in 1640 oirat , mongol tribes participating except inner mongols under qing rule. conference ended in failure. 1650s, dzungar khanate, oirat state centered in dzungaria , western mongolia, had risen become preeminent khanate in region , in conflict khalkha mongols, remnants of northern yuan dynasty, of eastern mongolia. upon assuming throne after death of brother sengge in 1670, galdan boshugtu khan launched series of successful campaigns expand territory far present-day eastern kazakhstan, , present-day northern kyrgyzstan southern siberia. through skillful diplomacy, galdan maintained peaceful relations qing dynasty while establishing relations russia. however, when galdan s brother dorjijab killed in skirmish troops loyal khalkha khan in 1687, galdan took pretext launch full-scale invasion of eastern mongolia. destroyed several khalkha tribes @ battle of olgoi nor (olgoi lake) in 1688, sending twenty thousand refugees fleeing south qing territory.

the khalkha rulers, defeated, fled hohhot , sought qing assistance. meanwhile, qing had secured peace treaty cossacks on northern border, had been inclined support galdan. treaty of nerchinsk prevented alliance between galdan , russians, leaving qing free attack mongol rivals. fearing united mongol state ruled hostile dzungars, qing turned powerful war machine on oirats.

the dzungars had conquered , subjugated uyghurs during dzungar conquest of altishahr after being invited afaqi khoja invade chingisid chagatai ruled yarkent khanate. heavy taxes imposed upon uyghurs dzungars, provoking resentment. led uprisings , uyghur rebels turfan , kumul rebelling against dzungar rule joined qing in war against dzungars.

the dzungars used camel mounted miniature cannons in battle, notably @ ulan butung. gunpowder weapons guns , cannons deployed qing , dzungars @ same time against each other.