Risk_factor_for_specific_cancers Alcohol_and_cancer

1 risk factor specific cancers

1.1 moderate consumption increases risk

1.1.1 cancers of mouth, esophagus, pharynx, , larynx
1.1.2 breast cancer
1.1.3 colorectal cancer
1.1.4 liver cancer
1.1.5 lung cancer
1.1.6 skin cancer
1.1.7 stomach cancer


1.2 consumption of 50g or more per day increases risk

1.2.1 endometrial cancer
1.2.2 gallbladder cancer
1.2.3 ovarian cancer
1.2.4 prostate cancer
1.2.5 small intestine cancer


1.3 evidence mixed

1.3.1 leukemia
1.3.2 multiple myeloma (mm)
1.3.3 pancreatic cancer


1.4 not suspected increase risk

1.4.1 childhood astrocytoma
1.4.2 bile duct cancer
1.4.3 bladder cancer
1.4.4 cervical cancer
1.4.5 ductal carcinoma in situ (dcis) breast cancer
1.4.6 ependymoma
1.4.7 intraocular , uveal melanomas
1.4.8 nasopharynageal cancer / nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc)
1.4.9 neuroblastoma
1.4.10 salivary gland cancer (sgc)
1.4.11 testicular cancer
1.4.12 thyroid cancer
1.4.13 vaginal cancer
1.4.14 vulvar cancer


1.5 might reduce risk

1.5.1 hodgkin s lymphoma (hl)
1.5.2 kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma) (rcc)
1.5.3 non-hodgkin lymphoma (nhl)

risk factor specific cancers
moderate consumption increases risk

a study found that, increasing moderate alcohol consumption in women determined associated increased risk of cancers of oral cavity , pharynx, esophagus, larynx, rectum, breast, , liver… .

cancers of mouth, esophagus, pharynx, , larynx


endoscopic image of patient esophageal adenocarcinoma seen @ gastro-esophageal junction.

alcohol consumption @ quantity risk factor cancers of mouth, esophagus, pharynx , larynx. u.s. national cancer institute states drinking alcohol increases risk of cancers of mouth, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, , liver in men , women, … in general, risks increases above baseline alcohol intake (mild; <2 glass of wine per week) , increases moderate alcohol intake (one glass of wine per day) highest risk in greater 7 glasses of wine per week. (a drink defined 12 ounces of regular beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof liquor.) … also, using alcohol tobacco riskier using either 1 alone, because further increases chances of getting cancers of mouth, throat, , esophagus. federal government’s dietary guidelines americans 2010 defines moderate alcohol drinking 1 drink per day women , 2 drinks per day men. heavy alcohol drinking defined having more 3 drinks on day or more 7 drinks per week women , more 4 drinks on day or more 14 drinks per week men.

the international head , neck cancer epidemiology (inhance) consortium co-ordinated meta-study on issue. study looking @ laryngeal cancer , beverage type concluded, study indicates in italian population characterized frequent wine consumption, wine beverage related risk of laryngeal cancer.

a review of epidemiological literature published 1966 2006 concluded that:

the risk of esophageal cancer doubled in first 2 years following alcohol cessation, sharp increase may due fact people stop drinking when experiencing disease symptoms. however, risk decreased rapidly , after longer periods of abstention.
risk of head , neck cancer reduced after 10 years of cessation.
after more 20 years of alcohol cessation, risks both cancers similar seen in people never drank alcohol.

a study concluded every additional drink regularly consumed per day, incidence of oral cavity , pharynx cancers increases 1 per 1000. incidence of cancers of esophagus , larynx increase 0.7 per 1000.

a 2008 study suggests acetaldehyde (a breakdown product of alcohol) implicated in oral cancer.

breast cancer

mastectomy specimen containing large cancer of breast (in case, invasive ductal carcinoma).

alcohol risk factor breast cancer in women.

a woman drinking average of 2 units of alcohol per day has 8% higher risk of developing breast cancer woman drinks average of 1 unit of alcohol per day. study concluded every additional drink regularly consumed per day, incidence of breast cancer increases 11 per 1000. approximately 6% (between 3.2% , 8.8%) of breast cancers reported in uk each year prevented if drinking reduced low level (i.e. less 1 unit/week). moderate heavy consumption of alcoholic beverages (at least 3 4 drinks per week) associated 1.3-fold increased risk of recurrence of breast cancer. further, consumption of alcohol @ quantity associated increased risk of relapse in breast cancer survivors.

colorectal cancer


colectomy specimen containing invasive colorectal carcinoma (the crater-like, reddish, irregularly-shaped tumor).

drinking may cause of earlier onset of colorectal cancer. evidence alcohol cause of bowel cancer convincing in men , probable in women.

the national institutes of health, national cancer institute, cancer research, american cancer society, mayo clinic, , colorectal cancer coalition, american society of clinical oncology , memorial sloan-kettering cancer center list alcohol risk factor.

a wcrf panel report finds evidence convincing alcoholic drinks increase risk of colorectal cancer in men @ consumption levels above 30 grams of absolute alcohol daily. national cancer institute states, heavy alcohol use may increase risk of colorectal cancer

a 2011 meta-analysis found alcohol consumption associated increased risk of colorectal cancer.

liver cancer


hepatocellular carcinoma in individual hepatitis c positive. autopsy specimen.

alcohol risk factor liver cancer, through cirrhosis. cirrhosis results scar formation within liver, commonly due chronic alcohol use.

approximately 5 percent of people cirrhosis develop liver cancer. cirrhosis disease develops when liver cells replaced scar tissue after damage alcohol abuse, …

the niaaa reports prolonged, heavy drinking has been associated in many cases primary liver cancer. however, liver cirrhosis, whether caused alcohol or factor, thought induce cancer.

chances of getting liver cancer increase markedly 5 or more drinks per day (nci).

a study concluded every additional drink regularly consumed per day, incidence of liver cancer increases 0.7 per 1000.

in united states, liver cancer relatively uncommon, afflicting approximately 2 people per 100,000, excessive alcohol consumption linked many 36% of these cases investigators overall, 61% of hcc attributable hcv [hepatitis c virus], 13% hbv [hepatitis b virus], , 18% heavy alcohol drinking. study in province of brescia, northern italy concluded, on basis of population attributable risks (ar), heavy alcohol intake seems single relevant cause of hcc in area (ar: 45%), followed hcv (ar: 36%), , hbv (ar: 22%) infection.

lung cancer

alcohol intake of more 2 drinks per day associated small increased risk of lung cancer. commenting on study freudenheim et al., r. curtis ellison md writes, study, others, suggests weak, positive association between consuming larger amounts of alcohol (>2 drinks day) , lung cancer risk.

skin cancer

any alcohol intake associated development of malignant melanoma.

stomach cancer

statistically significant increases in risk existed cancers of stomach, colon, rectum, liver, female breast, , ovaries.

while alcohol has been extensively studied cause of stomach cancer there no conclusive evidence increases risk. however, results @ least 3 studies suggest heavy alcohol consumption may increase risk of stomach cancer in heavy smokers.

a taiwanese study concluded, …cigarette smoking may play harmful role in initial development of gastric cancer, , drinking alcohol may promote process.

a norwegian study found that, no statistically significant associations between various degrees of exposure alcohol , risk of gastric cancer revealed, combined high use of cigarettes (>20/day) , alcohol (>5 occasions/14 days) increased risk of noncardia gastric cancer 5-fold (hr = 4.90 [95% ci = 1.90–12.62]), compared nonusers.

consumption of 50g or more per day increases risk
endometrial cancer


an endometrial adenocarcinoma invading uterine muscle.

alcohol has been identified risk factor endometrial cancer. data however, on association of alcohol intake , endometrial cancer conflicting. data exists association low moderate intake of alcohol, (less 2 drinks per day) not associated increased risk association has been suggested higher alcohol intake. our results suggest alcohol consumption equivalent 2 or more drinks per day increases risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women. in conclusion, our results suggest low alcohol consumption (up 1 drink per day) unlikely substantially influence risk of endometrial cancer.

gallbladder cancer

alcohol has been suggested risk factor gall bladder cancer. evidence suggests high intake of alcohol associated gall bladder cancer. men may @ higher risk of alcohol-related gallbladder cancer women.

ovarian cancer

thus, results of study suggest relatively elevated alcohol intake (of order of 40 g per day or more) may cause modest increase of epithelial ovarian cancer risk. . associations found between alcohol consumption , cancers of ovary , prostate, 50 g , 100 g day. statistically significant increases in risk existed cancers of stomach, colon, rectum, liver, female breast, , ovaries.

thus, pooled analysis not provide support association between moderate alcohol intake , ovarian cancer risk.

prostate cancer

data health professionals follow-up study showed weak association between overall alcohol intake , prostate cancer risk, , no association @ between red wine intake , prostate cancer risk.

a meta-analysis published in 2001 found small significant increased risk men drinking more 50 g/day of alcohol, higher risk men consuming more 100 g/day. since analysis, cohort studies in america have found increased risks men drinking moderate amounts of spirits, , ‘binge drinkers, moderate consumption of beer or wine has not been linked increased risk.

alcohol consumption of 50 g , 100 g per day associated cancers of ovary , prostate. however, 1 study concludes, moderate alcohol consumption increases risk of prostate cancer. liquor, not wine or beer, consumption positively associated prostate cancer.

the fred hutchinson cancer research center found men consumed 4 or more glasses of red wine per week had 50 percent reduction in risk of developing prostate cancer. found no significant effects – positive nor negative – associated consumption of beer or hard liquor , no consistent risk reduction white wine, suggests there must beneficial compound in red wine other types of alcohol lack. compound … may antioxidant called resveratrol, abundant in skins of red grapes. .

a meta analysis of studies published in 2009 found consumption of 2 standard drinks per day increased cancer risk 20%.

small intestine cancer

endoscopic image of adenocarcinoma of duodenum seen in post-bulbar duodenum.

a study of small intestine cancer patients reported alcohol consumption associated adenocarcinomas , malignant carcinoid tumors.

in men , women combined, significant 3-fold increased risk in heavy drinkers (80+g ethanol/day) relative more moderate drinkers , non-drinkers observed.

alcohol , tobacco consumption did not increase risk of adenocarcinoma of small intestine. … while present data inconsistent major effect of tobacco or alcohol, moderate association between these factors , small bowel cancer may have been obscured play of chance.

evidence mixed
leukemia

intake of alcohol during pregnancy has been associated childhood leukemia. review published national cancer institute placed maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy in category of suggestive concluded risk not important.

acute lymphocytic leukemia (all)

for in children, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy unlikely important risk factor

acute myeloid leukemia (aml)

a study concluded, in conclusion, though our study did not show clear association between alcohol intake , leukemia risk, of patterns of risk estimates (a possible j-shaped dose-response curve between alcohol intake , all, aml, , cll risks, , positive association between alcohol , cml), may suggestive.

childhood aml

3 studies have reported increased risk (approximately 1.5-2 fold) in mothers drank alcoholic beverages during pregnancy. these associations have been particularly apparent in children diagnosed younger 3 years of age. . maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy increases risk of infant leukemia, aml.

acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (anll)

a study found intrauterine exposure alcohol doubled risk childhood anll.

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll)

a study concluded, in conclusion, though our study did not show clear association between alcohol intake , leukemia risk, of patterns of risk estimates (a possible j-shaped dose-response curve between alcohol intake , all, aml, , cll risks, , positive association between alcohol , cml), may suggestive.

chronic myeloid leukemia (cml)

a population-based case-control study in italy found non-significant positive association between drinking , cml.

hairy cell leukemia

a study concluded, there no association found cigarette smoking, alcohol or coffee consumption , hairy cell leukemia.

multiple myeloma (mm)

alcohol has been suggested possible cause of multiple myeloma, although study found no association between mm in comparison study between drinkers , non-drinkers.

pancreatic cancer

whilst association between alcohol abuse , pancreatitis established association between alcohol consumption , pancreatic cancer less clear. overall evidence suggests increased risk of pancreatic cancer chronic heavy alcohol consumption evidence remains conflicting number of studies finding no association., no increased risk people consuming 30g of alcohol day

overall, association consistently weak , majority of studies have found no association. although drinking alcohol excessively major cause of chronic pancreatitis, in turn predisposes pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis associated alcohol consumption less precursor pancreatic cancer other types of chronic pancreatitis.

some studies suggest relationship, risk increasing increasing amount of alcohol intake. risk greatest in heavy drinkers, on order of 4 or more drinks per day. there appears no increased risk people consuming 30g of alcohol day, approximately 2 alcoholic beverages/day, people take alcohol @ level not risk factor pancreatic cancer . pooled analysis concluded, our findings consistent modest increase in risk of pancreatic cancer consumption of 30 or more grams of alcohol per day .

several studies caution findings due confounding factors. if link exists, due contents of alcoholic beverages other alcohol itself. 1 dutch study found drinkers of white wine had lower risk.

7 out of 10 cases of chronic pancreatitis due long term heavy drinking. chronic pancreatitis known risk factor cancer of pancreas. chronic pancreatitis due alcohol doesn t increase risk as other types of chronic pancreatitis. if there link alcohol , pancreatic cancer risk, slight.

our findings indicate alcohol drinking @ levels typically consumed general population of united states not risk factor pancreatic cancer. our data suggest, however, heavy alcohol drinking may related pancreatic cancer risk.

relative risks of pancreatic cancer increased amount of alcohol consumed (ptrend = 0.11) after adjustment age, smoking status, , pack-years of smoking.

alcoholics had modest 40% excess risk of pancreatic cancer … excess risk pancreatic cancer among alcoholics small , conceivably attributed confounding smoking.

shown relative risk of cancer of pancreas increases fat , alcohol intakes, … alcohol may not directly involved in aetiology of cancer of pancreas: effect due contents of alcoholic beverages.

when compared data non-drinkers, cumulative lifetime consumption of types of alcohol in grams of ethanol… beer, spirits, red wine , fortified wine not related risk. consumption of white wine inversely associated risk…. uniformly reduced risk estimates lifetime number of drinks of white wine based on small numbers….

part, consumption of total alcohol, wine, liquor , beer not associated pancreatic cancer.

data these 2 large cohorts not support overall association between coffee intake or alcohol intake , risk of pancreatic cancer.

our findings consistent modest increase in risk of pancreatic cancer consumption of 30 or more grams of alcohol per day.

not suspected increase risk

this section lists cancers alcohol not listed risk factor , papers have been published.

childhood astrocytoma

a study concluded foetal exposure alcohol not associated childhood astrocytoma.

bile duct cancer

a review of literature found there no association between alcohol use , bile duct cancer.

bladder cancer

epidemiological data on alcohol drinking , bladder cancer suggestive of no association, although findings not consistent. both habits, explanation of moderate increase in risk observed in investigations might attributed residual confounding smoking, or association between alcohol, coffee, , yet unidentified risk factors bladder cancer.

cervical cancer

a study concluded alcoholic women @ high risk in situ , invasive cervical cancer attributed indirect, lifestyle-related reasons.

ductal carcinoma in situ (dcis) breast cancer

dcis patients , control subjects did not differ respect oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, alcohol consumption or smoking history, or breast self-examination. associations lcis similar.

ependymoma

a review of basic literature found consumption of beer associated increased risk in 1 study not in another

intraocular , uveal melanomas

a study found no association between alcohol , uveal melanoma.

nasopharynageal cancer / nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc)

a systematic review found evidence light drinking may decrease risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma whereas high intake of alcohol may increase risk.

neuroblastoma

a few studies have indicated increased risk of neuroblastoma use of alcohol during pregnancy.

salivary gland cancer (sgc)

alcohol use associated increased risk of salivary gland cancer.

testicular cancer

a review concluded there no firm evidence of causal relation between behavior risks [tobacco, alcohol , diet] , testicular cancer.

thyroid cancer

a 2009 review found alcohol intake not affect risk of developing thyroid cancer. however, 2009 study of 490,000 men , women concluded alcohol may reduce risk of thyroid cancer. 2009 study of 1,280,296 women in united kingdom concluded, decreased risk thyroid cancer find associated alcohol intake consistent results studies, although meta-analysis of 10 case–control studies , 2 other cohort studies reported no statistically significant associations.

vaginal cancer

a danish study found abstinence alcohol consumption associated low risk both vv-sccvagina , vv-sccvulva in our study.

a study concluded alcoholic women @ high risk cancer of vagina. in both studies, indirect, lifestyle-related reasons cited.

vulvar cancer

one study reported no consistent association emerged between milk, meat, liver, alcohol , coffee consumption , risk of vulvar cancer. danish study found reverse, alcohol consumption associated vv-sccvagina , vv-sccvulva cancer. swedish study concluded alcoholic women @ no higher risk cancer of vulva.

might reduce risk
hodgkin s lymphoma (hl)

a study concluded, results of large-scale european study … suggested protective effect of alcohol on development of nhl men , in non-mediterranean countries. population based case-control study in germany found alcohol reduced risk of hl both men , women more men, risk lowered 53%.

a population-based case-control study in italy reported protective effect of alcohol consumption on risk of hl among non-smokers. analysis of data series of case-control studies in northern italy revealed modest positive effect of alcohol on lowering risk of hl among both smokers , non-smokers.

kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma) (rcc)

moderate alcohol consumption associated lower risk of renal cell cancer among both women , men in pooled analysis pooled analysis found inverse association between alcohol drinking , rcc. risks continued decrease above 8 drinks per day (i.e. >100 g/day) of alcohol intake, no apparent levelling in risk.

a study concluded, results our prospective cohort study of middle-aged , elderly women indicate moderate alcohol consumption may associated decreased risk of rcc. researchers conducted study in iowa reported in population-based case-control investigation, report further evidence alcohol consumption decreases risk of rcc among women not among men. our ability show association remains after multivariate adjustment several new confounding factors (i.e., diet, physical activity, , family history) strengthens support true association.

another study found no relationship between alcohol consumption , risk of kidney cancer among either men or women.

a finnish study concluded, these data suggest alcohol consumption associated decreased risk of rcc in male smokers. because of risk reductions seen @ highest quartile of alcohol intake , alcohol risk factor number of cancers particularly among smokers, these data should interpreted caution. our data suggest inverse association between alcohol intake , risk of renal cell cancer… compared nondrinkers, men drank 1 or more drinks per day had 31% lower risk of kidney cancer among 161,126 hawaii-los angeles multiethnic cohort participants.

non-hodgkin lymphoma (nhl)

a study concluded, people drink alcoholic beverages might have lower risk of nhl not, , risk might vary nhl subtype. compared nondrinkers, alcohol consumers had lower risk non-hodgkin s lymphoma overall … , main subtypes. study concluded, nonusers of alcohol had elevated nhl risk compared users…

some studies have found protective effect on nhl of drinking forms of alcoholic beverage or in demographic groups. study of men in found consumption of wine, not beer or spirits, associated reduced nhl risk , large european study found protective effect of alcohol among men , in non-mediterranean countries.. study of older women in iowa found alcohol reduce risk of nhl , amount of alcohol consumed, rather type of alcoholic beverages, appeared main determinant in reducing risk. possible mechanism has been suggested.

some studies have not found protective effect drinking. british research found no association between frequency of drinking , nhl , research in sweden found total beer, wine, or liquor intake not associated major subtype of nhl examined, apart association between high wine consumption , increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia..

one study of nhl patients concluded, our findings encourage physicians advise nhl patients stop smoking , diminish alcohol consumption obtain improvements in course of nhl.